1. An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict
The Roaring 20’s
An era of prosperity,
Republican power,
and conflict

2. 1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age"
In sum, a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this time
For the first time the census reflected an urban society - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of living

3. Age of Prosperity Ailing Agriculture… Economic expansion
Mass Production
Assembly Line
Age of the Automobile
Ailing Agriculture…

4. Farmers Woes
Agric. depression in early 1920's contributed to this urban migration
U.S. farmers lost agri. markets in postwar Europe
At same time agri. efficiency increased so more food produced (more food = lower prices) and fewer laborers needed
Farming was no longer as prosperous, and bankers called in their loans (farms repossessed)
American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society

5. Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty
Sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery
boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop
White landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land

6. Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry (= Great Migration) - Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem
Within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourished
But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted

7. Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
Believed in Black pride
Advocated racial segregation b/c of Black superiority
Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa
He purchased a ship to start the Black Star line
Attracted many investments: gov't charged him with w/fraud
He was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, organization continued to exist

8. Consumer Economy

9. Culture of the Roaring 20’s
Radio
KDKA Pittsburgh
GE, Westinghouse,& RCA form NBC
Silent Movies
Charlie Chaplin
“Talkies”
The Jazz Singer
Starring Al Jolson
Mary Pickford
“America’s Sweetheart”

10. Celebrities Babe Ruth &Ty Cobb Charles Lindbergh
The Spirit of St. Louis
Jack Dempsey

11. The 20’s is The Jazz Age The Flappers Writers Musicians Make-up
Cigarettes
Short Skirts
Writers
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Ernest Hemingway
Musicians
Louis Armstrong
Duke Ellington

12. Musicians Louis Armstrong was the greatest of all Jazz musicians.
Armstrong defined what it was to play Jazz. His amazing technical abilities, the joy and spontaneity, and amazingly quick, inventive musical mind still dominate Jazz to this day.

13. Duke Ellington
Duke Ellington brought a level of style and sophistication to Jazz that it hadn't seen before. Although he was a gifted piano player, his orchestra was his principal instrument. Like Jelly Roll Morton before him, he considered himself to be a composer and arranger, rather than just a musician.

14. Paul Whiteman
Paul Whiteman's Orchestra was the most popular band of the 1920s. They are also the most controversial to Jazz historians because Whiteman billed himself as "The King Of Jazz".
In 1924 he secured his place in history when he commissioned and introduced George Gershwin's Rhapsody In Blue.

15. George Gershwin
George and Ira Gershwin were famous composing brothers. George was one of the first composers to combine American jazz with traditional concert music in pieces such as Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris.

16. 1920's also brought about great changes for women...
th Amendment gave them the federal vote
After 1920, social circumstances changed too as more women worked outside the home
And more women went to college and clamoured to join the professions
Women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt
Characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman"
(bobbed hair, short dresses, smoked in public...)

17. Margaret Sanger “No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. “
Sanger gave up nursing work to dedicate herself to the distribution of birth control information.
Set up the first birth control clinic in the United States, and the following year, she was sent to the workhouse for "creating a public nuisance."
Helped organize the Planned Parenthood Federation

18. Alice Paul "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”
After 19th Amendment, many suffragists left public life
Paul believed true battle for equality had yet to be won
Announced she would work on an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution
Introduced in every session of Congress from 1923 until it passed in Failed though to be ratified by ¾ of the states and

19. A Society in Conflict Sacco-Vanzetti Trial Anti-immigrant
National Origins Act
Discrimination
Sacco-Vanzetti Trial
Italian immigrants
Unfair trial

20. The Ku Klux Klan In power Great increase Anti-black Anti-immigrant
Anti-Semitic
Anti-Catholic
Anti-women’s suffrage
Anti-bootleggers

21. High School Biology teacher
Scopes “Monkey” Trial
Evolution vs. Creationism
Science vs. Religion
Famous Lawyers
Dayton, Tennessee
John Scopes
High School Biology teacher

22. Prohibition Volstead Act untouchables Gangsters 18th Amendment
Al Capone

23. PROHIBITION - on manuf. and sale of alcohol
th AMENDMENT by way of Volstead Act
A difficult law to enforce... organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the rise
Al Capone virtually controlled Chicago in this period - capitalism at its zenith…
Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ the 21st Amendment
Forced organized crime to pursue other interests…

24. The 1920 Election

25. Harding Administration
The Ohio Gang
H. Daugherty – Atty. Gen./A. Fall Sec. Inter.
Laissez-Faire
Appoints 4 of 9 Justices
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923) overturns Muller v. Oregon
Anti-trust laws ignored
ICC run by RR friends
Esch-Cummins Transportation Act of 1920

26. American Isolationism
Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.
July, 1921  Congress passed a resolution declaring WW I officially over!
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

27. Washington Disarmament Conference (1921-1922)
Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States.
Goals  naval disarmament and the political situation in the Far East.

28. Five-Power Treaty (1922)
A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio: US Britain Japan France Italy
Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines].
Loophole  no restrictions on small warships

29. Tariff & Scandal Fordney-McCumber Tariff
27% to 38.5%, American Tariffs caused European Tariffs
Teapot Dome Scandal
1924 sale of pardons and liquor permits
Fall, Sinclair, and Doheny indicted.
Fall found guilty
Harding dies, Coolidge president

30. European Debts to the US

31. Hyper-Inflation in Germany: 1923

32. Dawes Plan (1924)

33. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.
62 nations signed.
Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.