1. Microbiology Study of microscopic organisms Unicellular, multicellular, or acellular Different fields of study – Virology – study of viruses – Mycology – study of fungi – Parasitology – study of parasites, hosts and relationships – Bacteriology – study of bacteria – Protozoology – study of protozoa – Nematology – study of nematodes – Phycology – study of algae

2. What is a Microbe Smaller than 0.1mm Includes archaebacteria, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses

3. Scientific names Every organism that has been discovered is given a scientific name Founded by Carolus Linnaeus (1735) Genus species G. species Genus species Two organisms sharing a common genus are related

4. Scientific Names

5. Examples Klebsiella pneumoniae Clostridium difficile Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus – MRSA Streptococcus pyogenes – Flesh eating disease

6. Why study Microbiology Microbes are related to all life – In all environments – Industrial uses (fermentation, antibiotics, probiotics) – Related to life processes (food web, nutrient cycling) – Pathogenic (infectious diseases) – Most of our problems are caused by microbes

7. EID’s Emerging infectious diseases – Weapons of mass destruction – New evolutionary features – Response to man encroaching on the environment

8. Patterns of Disease Endemic – disease is present in low levels of a population at any time Outbreak – sudden increase in prevalence of a particular disease Epidemic – sudden increase in prevalence on a national scale Pandemic – rapid spread of pathogen throughout the world (HIV, bubonic plague, cholera, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, influenza)

9. Patterns of Disease

10. Biotechnology Use of living systems and organisms to develop useful products – Biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels (85% ethanol) The use of biological information to make things or improve the human condition – Pharmacogenomics – study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body’s response to drugs – Gene therapy

11. Prokaryotic Cells Include Bacteria and Archaea Lacks a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles Contain ribosomes Pili – hair like structures used to attach to other cells or objects Flagellum – tail like extension for motorboating (propeller) Cell wall Nucleoid – chromosomal DNA Plasmids – small circular pieces of DNA Capsule – composed of polysaccharides, protects cell against phagocytosis

12. Common Shapes of Prokaryotes Coccus (Round) – N. meningitidis – meningitis Bacillus (Rod) – B. anthracis - anthrax Diplococci (Pair) – N. gonorrhoea – gonorrhoea Streptococci (chain) – S. pyogenes – scarlet fever Spirochete (Spiral) – T. pallidum – syphilis

13. Cell walls – Composed of peptidoglycan Reproduce Asexually – Binary fission Make energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis Bacteria

14. Archaea Lack peptidoglycan in cell wall Reproduce via Binary Fission Live in extreme environments Methanogens – Live in environments that lack oxygen – Produce methan gas – Live in landfills Extreme halophiles – Live in environments that love salt – Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake Extreme thermophiles – Live in environments of extreme heat – Volcanic vents deep in the ocean

15. Binary Fission Asexual Reproduction

16. Conjugation Transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells Creates genetic diversity Antibiotic resistance

17. Unicellular eukaryotes Animal-like – consumers Plant- like – producers Motility – Ciliates – Flagellates – Amoeboids – Sporozoan Protozoa (Eukaryotic Cells)

18. Animal-like Protists Ciliates – Move using short, thread like cilia that extend from plasma membrane – Sweep food into their bodies Balantidium coli – Causes Balantidiasis Paramecium

19. Balantidium coli Trophozoite – Active feeding stage – Binary fission producing cysts – Invade the wall of large intestine – Cannot survive outside human host Cyst – Dormant, resting stage – transmitted to humans – Survive outside human host

20. Animal-like Protists Flagellates – Use a whipping action (propellor) of tail like flagella Giardia lamblia – Causes Giardiasis (beaver fever, backpackers disease) – Reproduce in the small intestine (binary fission)

21. Giardia lamblia Trophozoite – Invade wall of large intestine – Cause severe diarrhea Cyst – Dormant, resting stage – transmitted to humans – Survive outside human host

22. Animal-like Protists Amoeboids Pseudopods – extension of cytoplasm creating foot-like structure for movement and catching food Entamoeboa histolytica Causes Amoebiasis

23. Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoite – Invade extraintesinal sites (liver, brain, lungs) – Cause liver and brain abscess Cyst – Ingested by humans

24. Fecal Oral Route Pathogens in fecal matter pass from one host and is introduced to the oral cavity of another Excystation /Encystment – Transforming from cyst to trophozoite and back to cyst

25. Animal-like Protists Sporozoans – Cannot move on their own (nonmotile) – Reproduce both sexually (gametes) and asexually (mitosis) – Parasites – Transmitted through vectors (insects) Plasmodium vivax – Causes malaria (most common) – Transmitted by female anopholes (mosquito)

26. Plasmodium vivax Mosquito bites – Infects human with sporozoites Sporozoites infect liver cells – Develop into merozoites Merozoites infect RBC’s – Continue to infect RBC’s – Some develop into gametocytes Mosquito bites infected human – Gametocytes fertilize, develop into oocyst Oocyst ruptures releasing sporozoites

27. Eukaryotes Cellulose cell walls Use photosynthesis for energy (primary producers) Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds Plant-like Protists (Algae)

28. Plant-like protists Dinoflagellates – Marine plankton (flagella) – Red tide Algal blooms produce dinotoxins Toxic to humans Diatoms – Phytoplankton – Cell wall is made up silica Euglenoids – Contain chloroplasts – Also feed by phagocytosis Green Algae – Macroscopic seaweeds

29. Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy (consumers) Moulds – consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae – Reproduce asexually (spores) Yeasts – Round shape – Reproduce asexually (budding) Fungi

30. Acellular – non-living Consist of DNA or RNA core Core is surrounded by a protein coat Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell Viruses

31. Multiplication of Viruses Adsorption Penetration Uncoated Synthesis Replication and Protein Production Assembly Release

32. Universal precautions set up by CDC Use gloves, gowns, masks and goggles Minimize risk of needle sticks Disinfections procedure Preventative treatment after exposure Reduce risk Treat all patients the same