1. English 358, Fall 2010 Welcome to class!

2. How did this “movement” arise? What was it reacting against? What did one have to do/say/think to call himself or herself a “Transcendentalist”? Why might people be suspicious of this label?

3. A Progression of Thought Calvinism Man is inherently sinful, God is absolutely sovereign Congregationalism Each congregation runs its own affairs independently of a central Puritan church Unitarianism A liberal movement within Congregationalism. Some Unitarian radicals in the 1820s and 30s, spurred by the writing of Goethe, Carlyle and Coleridge (who were interpreting Kant) believed that intuition must accompany empirical reasoning in order to perceive spiritual truth Transcendentalism Rejects Locke’s idea that all knowledge derives from empirical reason which is still widely held among all but the most liberal Unitarians

4. Key Figures (1835-1845) Bronson Alcott Cyrus Bartol Orestes Brownson Ellery Channing W.H. Channing James F. Clarke Christopher Cranch John S. Dwight R.W. Emerson Margaret Fuller Frederick Henry Hedge Elizabeth Peabody George and Sophia Ripley Henry Thoreau Jones Very

5. Emerson (1803 – 1882) Fuller (1810-1850) Thoreau (1817-1862)

6. A Sample Transcendental Passage “If a man is at heart just, then in so far is he God; the safety of God, the immortality of God, the majesty of God do enter into that man with justice. If a man dissemble, he deceives himself, and goes out of acquaintance with his own being.” Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Divinity School Address” delivered before the senior class in Harvard Divinity College, on a Sunday evening in Cambridge, MA July 15, 1838

7. Tendencies in Transcendental Writing The impulse to prophecy To speak in the first- person singular To create nature anew for oneself The main tendencies in Transcendentalist writing are dominant motifs in American literary history (Buell, Literary Transcendentalism, 20).

8. Relationship between Piety and Aesthetics in 19 th century New England “art (with a capital “A” always understood) is the product of the religious sentiment, and the religious sentiment, by its very nature, demands an imaginative expression” Buell, Literary Transcendentalism (22)

9. From Emerson’s Journal… “What shall forbid us to universalize the operations of God & to believe the operation of the Holy Spirit is the same in kind in the prophet Isaiah as in the poet Milton?… To create is the proof of a Divine presence. Whoever creates is God, and whatever talents are, if man create not, the pure efflux of Deity is not his.”

10. The Call for a Poet-Priest “[What is needed is a] poet-priest, a reconciler, who shall not trifle with Shakespeare the player, nor grope in graves with Swedenborg the mourner; but who shall see, speak, and act with equal inspiration.” Emerson, from Representative Men (1850)

11. Transcendentalism’s Central Principles The affirmation of man’s ability to experience God firsthand Such experience can be communicated more by re- creation than analysis A convincing expression of spiritual experience demands that we push the boundaries of our use of language Emerson pairs his call for an original relation to the universe with a call for the original use of language