1. R. Muniappan
IPM CRSP

2. First Successful Biological Control of a Weed -1795
Control of Opuntia monacantha by Dactylopius ceylonicus in India ( ) Subsequently released in Sri Lanka, Australia and South Africa

3. Opuntia stricta damaged by Dactylopius opuntiae photos by H. Zimmermann

4. Chromolaena odorata (Eupatorium odoratum) Asteraceae (Compositae)
In a coconut plantation
Flowers in Dec. – Jan. in
N. Hemisphere and June – July in S. Hemisphere

7. Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata (Lep. Arctiidae)

9. Chromolaena defoliated by Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata in Rota

10. Yellowing of Chromoalena due to Insect Induced Defense
Marutnai and Muniappan (1991) Ann. Appl. Biol. 119:

11. Electron microscopy of leaf tissue
Yellow leaf
Green leaf

12. Eriophyid mite, Acalitus adoratus
Distribution
Infested leaf

13. Gall fly, Cecidochares connexa (Dip.: Tephretidae)
Gall fly ovipositing in the terminal shoot
Photo by Desmier de Chinon
Distribution of gall fly

14. Cecidochares connexa
Gall
Maggots in side the gall

15. Minerals in nutrient sink of the galls

16. Chromolaena workshop conducted
Seven Proceedings and 17 Newsletters published
1988 – Bangkok, Thailand
1991 – Bogor, Indonesia
1993 – Abidjan, Ivory Coast
1966 – Bangalore, India
2000 – Durban, South Africa
2003 – Cairns, Australia
2006 – Pingtung, Taiwan

17. Coccinia grandis in Guam

18. Coccinia grandis flowers & fruits

19. Acythopeus cocciniae (Curculionidae)
Adult weevils
Larval mining

20. Acythopeus burkhartorum (Curculionidae)
Pupal chamber
Adult
Gall in the tendril

21. Melittia oedipus (Sesiidae)
Adult
Larva in the stem

22. Coccinia grandis biocontrol in Hawaii (Waimanalo, Hilo) Pictures: courtesy of Hawaii Department of Agriculture
Before release of biocontrol agents
Six years after release of biocontrol agents

23. Lantana camara (Verbenaceae)

24. Uroplatis girardi, a leaf mining chrysomelid beetle
Adult
Leaf damaged by grubs

25. Tingid bug, Teleonomia scrupulosa
Flower damaged by Lantanophaga pusilidactyla (Pterophoridae)
Adult

26. Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae)
A field covered by Parthenium in India

27. Parthenium defoliated by Zygogramma histrophorus (Chrysomelidae) Photos: K. Dhileepan

28. Giant sensitive plant, Mimosa diplotricha (Mimosaceae) Pictures: L
Giant sensitive plant, Mimosa diplotricha (Mimosaceae) Pictures: L. Kuniata
M. diplotricha infested area in Papua New Guinea
Heteropsylla spinosa – Effect of nirogen application

29. Salvinia molesta contol by Cyrtobagous salviniae Photos : P. Room and M. Julien

30. Waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes
Waterhyacinth flower
A pond in India infested by waterhyacinth

31. Waterhyacinth in PNG Photos: J.A. Coetzee et al.

32. Waterhyacinth in a lake before and after release of Neochetina eichornieiae and N. bruchi Photos: J.A. Coetzee et al.

33. Benefit cost analysis for the biological control of invasive weeds in the tropics
Country
Benefit/cost ratio
Acacia longifolia (Andr.) willd
South Africa
104
Acacia pycantha Benth
665
Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl.)
800
Azolla filiculoides
2.5 13
Eichhornia crassipes
Benin
Australia
124
27.5
Lantana camara 22
5.6 9

34. Benefit cost analysis for the biological control of invasive weeds in the tropics (Contd.)
Country
Benefit/cost ratio
Mimosa diplotricha
Australia
17.6
Mimosa pigra
0.8
Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley
South Africa
709
Opuntia spp.
312.3
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
7.2
Pistia stratoides
27.5
Prosopis spp.
0.5
Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell
Sri Lanka
Zimbabwe 53
10.6