1. Chapter 7: Biodiversity and Conservation
Mr. Manskopf
Notes also are at

2. Chapter 10 Biodiversity Big Ideas
There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all species. .
There are some factors about species that make them prone to extinction.
Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go extinct.

3. Section 1: Our Planet of Life: What is biodiversity?
How many species live on Earth?
Describe the types of biodiversity.
Explain why biodiversity is important.
Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone species, ecotourism

5. Why so many unknown? About 1.7 million species are known
Estimates vary from greater than 10 million
Why so many unknown?

6. Biodiversity
Which species rule the world?

7. Biodiversity
Biodiversity: the number of different species in a given area
Tropical rain forests
What factors lead to biodiversity?

8. Types of Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity: number of different species in an area
Ecosystem Diversity how many types of habitats in an area
Genetic Diversity the number of genes in all members of a population

9. Types of Biodiversity
Genetic diversity: Differences in DNA among individuals
Species diversity: Variety of species in a given area
Ecosystem diversity: Variety of habitats, ecosystems, communities

10. Ecosystem diversity often leads to species diversity and often genetic diversity

11. Did You Know? In general, biodiversity increases toward the equator.

12. Who cares about Biodiversity? A Variety of Answers

13. What is a gene?
Gene: a piece of DNA code for a specific trait inherited
Tall, short, brown eyes, etc.
Genetic Diversity among corn

14. Benefits of Diversity Genetic Diversity Key To Survival
small isolated populations unlikely to survive
Genetic mutations from inbreeding can occur
More diversity = more likely to survive

15. Why is genetic diversity important?
Cavendish banana
“ The fungus Fusarium oxysporum wiped out the previous species of bananas (the Gros Michel) in the 1950s. Now it’s back, having evolved to be able to take on the previously resistant “back-up” species of banana — the Cavendish — that replaced the superior Gros Michel banana after it was wiped out. “

16. Benefits of Diversity: Ecosystem Services
Intact environments provide ecosystem services, such as water purification and pest control.
High biodiversity increases stability of communities and ecosystems, enabling them to perform services.
Stable ecosystems are resistant and resilient.

17. Benefits of Diversity
Keystone Species: species that is critical to ecosystem survival
Sea otter
Grey Wolf
Beaver

18. Keystone Species
Food Web Depends Upon Krill

19. Benefits of Diversity Medical, Industrial, Agricultural uses
Food, cloths, shelter, chemicals and medicine often comes from variety of organisms
See table 1 pages 261

20. Medical
Medicine: Organisms contain compounds that are useful for treating disease.
The yew tree, an original source of Taxol, a cancer-fighting drug
Did You Know? Of the 150 most prescribed drugs in the United States, 118 originated in nature.

21. Benefits of Biodiversity
Ethics, Aesthetics and Recreation
Moral, religious purposes for all species
Personal enjoyment
Dolphin Tour Off NJ Beaches

22. Benefits of Biodiversity
Ecotourism: tourisms that supports conservation
Wildlife, birding, wilderness hiking
People make $ by having people view wildlife

23. Section 1 Review How many species live on Earth?
Describe the types of biodiversity.
Explain why biodiversity is important.
Terms: biodiversity, genes, keystone species, ecotourism

25. Section 2: Biodiversity at Risk
What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to extinction?
What are the largest threats to biodiversity?
What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?
Terms: endangered species, threatened species, exotic species, endemic species, poaching

26. Biodiversity has increased over time, but mass extinctions are also natural events (5 major events)
How do we get this data?

27. Extinctions Species gone forever NORMAL
Mass Extinction: short period of time when large number of species go extinct (65 MYA)
Currently in mass extinction…caused by humans
Rapid climate change

28. There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history.
Each time, more than 1/5 of all families and 1/2 of all species have gone extinct.

29. Biodiversity at Risk
The current extinction rate is 100 to 1000 times greater than the natural background rate.
In 2009, 1321 species in the U.S. were classified as endangered or threatened.
Endangered: At serious risk of extinction
Threatened: Likely to become endangered soon through all or part of its range

30. Extinctions Certain traits make some species more vulnerable:
Small populations
Specialized
Need large range
Migration
Valuable to humans

32. Species squeezed into smaller and smaller fragmented habitat

34. Current Extinctions
Endangered Species: is likely to go extinct if actions not taken
Threatened: population declining and likely to become endangered

35. Current Extinctions
TNC estimates 1/3rd of 21,000 identified U.S. animal and plant species are vulnerable.
30,000 of the world’s species and 1,200 in U.S. are officially endangered.

36. Types of endangered species worldwide

37. How do humans cause extinctions?
“HIPPO”
Habitat destruction
Invasive species
Population (humans) growth
Pollution
Overharvesting

38. Habitat Loss/Fragmentation

41. Habitat Fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation: Patches of suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable habitat
In general, larger habitat fragments can support greater biodiversity than smaller fragments

42. Humans Causing Extinctions
Habitat Destruction causes 75-80%
Large creatures need lot of land
Invasive Species: exotic species not native to area can destroy an ecosystem

43. Invasive Species
Invasive species can out-compete and displace native species.

44. CA Agricultural Checkpoints
Invasive Species
CA Agricultural Checkpoints

45. Humans Causing Extinction
Over-harvesting excessive hunting (bison in U.S., fish)
Poaching: illegal hunting
Common in poor countries for food, medicines, income
Pollution air, water, land

46. Causes of Extinction Climate Change
Increasingly becoming a factor in biodiversity loss
Unlike the other factors, climate change will have a potentially global effect on biodiversity.

47. Areas of Critical Biodiversity
Hotspots: areas threatened that contain high biodiversity
Roughly 25 worldwide
Madagascar
Parts of California

48. Hotspots
Large numbers of endemic species: species native to that area

49. US Hotspots

50. Areas of Critical Biodiversity
Tropical Rain Forests
Coral Reefs
Coastal Ecosystems
Islands
Why these areas????

51. Just 2.3% of the planet’s land surface is home to 50% of the world’s plant species and 42% of its vertebrate animal species.

52. Section 2 Review
What does it mean when a species is threatened or endangered?
What makes some species more prone to extinction?
What are the largest threats to biodiversity?
What areas are likely to have high biodiversity?
Terms: endangered species, threatened species, exotic species, endemic species, poaching

54. Section 3: Future of Biodiversity
List and describe efforts to save individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species.
Describe the main parts of the Endangered Species Act.
Terms: Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITES

55. Saving Individual Species
Captive Breeding Programs: breeding species in captivity with hopes of reintroducing into native habitats
Germ Plasm: saving genetic material for possible future use
(seeds, eggs, DNA)
Zoos and Aquariums

56. Saving Individual Species
Does little to preserve species
Captive individuals may not survive in wild
Small populations have difficult time with inbreeding, diseases
Last resorts

57. Preserving Habitat and Ecosystems
Most effective way to save a species is protect its habitat.
Some species require large areas
What about when they leave protected areas? (Wolves in Yellowstone

58. Legal Protections Many countries have laws to protect wildlife
Some weak some strong
U.S. law Endangered Species Act (ESA)

59. ESA Endangered Species Act Passed 1973
Protect plant and animals in danger of extinction
List created of those threatened and endangered
Currently 1,300+ listed

60. ESA
Forbids governments and citizens from harming listed species and habitats
Forbids trade in products made from listed species

61. ESA Protects listed species from harm
No development that harms listed species
What does that all mean?
Can a Shopping Mall be built where listed species lives?
Spotted Owl

62. ESA Species recovery plan must be made
Habitat Conservation Plans: plans to protect species habitat
Why do you think ESA may be controversial?
Who would not like this law?

63. ESA ESA: 1973-2004: 92 to 1,300+ species listed
37 Species removed (14 recovery, 8 extinctions, rest discovered more)
60% plants, 40% animals
TNC says 1/3rd of all U.S. species…30,000 not 1,260
NJ ESA List

64. Wildlife Corridors
Connect habitat fragments enabling once-isolated populations to interbreed
Interbreeding increases genetic diversity.

65. Yellowstone to Yukon

66. Internationally
CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species) illegal to trade endangered species
Ivory Tusks

67. Internationally Much more difficult among may poorer countries
International treaties hard to ratify, verify
Oceans of particular concern

68. Section 3 Review List and describe efforts to save individual species.
Explain the advantages of protecting entire ecosystems rather than individual species.
Describe the main parts of the Endangered Species Act.
Terms: Endangered Species Act, habitat conservation plans, CITES

69. Chapter 10 Biodiversity Review
There is a huge diversity of life on Earth that is critical to all species. .
There are some factors about species that make them prone to extinction.
Human activities are causing large numbers of species to go extinct.