1. Post-Concussive Dizziness: Concussion Recovery Program Majid Fotuhi, MD PhD HeadFirst Sports Injury and Concussion Care Silver Spring, MD January 22, 2014

2. Post-Concussion Dizziness and Vertigo  Affects 30-65% of patients with TBI  Results in significant impairment in daily function due to:  Reduced balance  Fear of falls  Difficulty with eye-hand-head coordination  Difficulty to return to work  Risk for further head trauma  Inability to participate in sports or complete daily tasks  Avoidance of social engagements  Frustration, anxiety, depression 2

3. https://neuroanthropology.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/equilibrium-sys.jpg

4. Trauma to Inner Ear, Diffuse Axonal Injury, Cervical Injury 4

5. Common Causes of Post- Concussive Dizziness Labyrinthine & VN injury Vestibular Migraine BPPV Meniere’s Disease Medication side-effects 5

6. BPPV  Vertigo in a specific head position (most often with looking up or turning in bed - less symptomatic with walking)  “World spinning”—patient feels very nauseated and uncomfortable  Symptoms stop when a specific head position is avoided  Is easy to diagnose and treat 6 BPPV

7. Examination in BPPV The Dix–Hallpike Test of a patient with BPPV affecting the right ear 7

8. Maneuvers to Diagnose and Treat BPPV 8

9. Epley Maneuver BPPV 9

10. Common Causes of Post- Concussive Dizziness Labyrinthine & VN injury Vestibular Migraine BPPV Meniere’s Disease Medication side-effects 10

11. Trauma to the Inner Ear or Vestibular Nerve http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/head-neck/diseases- conditions/vestibular-neuritis Labyrinthine & VN injury  Trauma to the semicircular canals or the vestibular nerve can cause disruption in the flow of information from the inner ears to the brain  Acute symptoms of gait imbalance, veering to the right or left, vertigo with rapid head movements to the right or left  Responds well to treatment with vestibular rehab 11

12. Examination and Treatment  Gait imbalance (veer to one side)  Difficulty with standing on either foot alone (falls to the same side on repeated testing)  Positive head-impulse test  Positive Fukuda test  Normal hearing  Negative Dix–Hallpike  Vestibular rehab can result in complete resolution of symptoms within weeks to months Labyrinthine & VN injury 12

13. Common Causes of Post- Concussive Dizziness Labyrinthine & VN injury Vestibular Migraine BPPV Meniere’s Disease Medication side-effects 13

14. Post-Traumatic Meniere’s http://picnicwithants.com/menieres-disease/  “Glaucoma of the inner ear”  Increased pressure inside inner ear  Associated with fluctuating  Hearing loss  Fullness in ears  Tinnitus  Attacks of unprovoked vertigo, not positional  Couple of hours at a time Meniere’s Disease 14

15. Examination and Treatment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Menieres-hearing- loss.png  Unilateral LF hearing loss  May have unilateral vestibular hypofunction (positive head impulse test)  Normal gait (unless experiencing vertigo attack at the time of examination, in which case cannot walk at all)  Treated with  Low salt diet  Acetazolamide  Clonazepam (for acute vertigo attacks) 15 Meniere’s Disease

16. Common Causes of Post- Concussive Dizziness Labyrinthine & VN injury Vestibular Migraine BPPV Meniere’s Disease Medication side-effects 16

17. Vestibular Migraine (VM)  Most often underdiagnosed, attributed to anxiety  Episodes of dizziness last hours to days  Symptoms can range from frank vertigo (spinning) to a rocking sensation or disequilibrium  Often associated with motion sensitivity  Can happen with or without headaches, photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea Vestibular Migraine 17

18. Examination in VM  Normal  Difficulty with focusing eyes, may have convergence insufficiency (trouble reading)  Sometimes patients have evidence of unilateral vestibular hypofunction or spontaneous nystagmus (especially during the vertigo attack)  Signs of anxiety and depression (in up to 40% of patients) 18

19. Treatment for Vestibular Migraine  Identify and address the triggers for migraine:  Poor sleep  Poor diet, certain food item  Excessive noise, light, odors, people, or visual stimuli in the work/home environment  Stress and anxiety  Lack of rest and relaxation  Treatment with medications:  Topamax or other prophylactic medications for migraine  Anti-anxiety medications such as SSRIs for 3-6 months  Counseling, meditation training, or neurofeedback 19

20. Neurofeedback 20  Performed by a certified EEG neurofeedback specialist  Live EEG feedback is provided through auditory and visual responses to help the patient move brain activity towards an optimal state  Very effective for treatment of migraine symptoms  Benefits are long-lasting

21. Common Causes of Post- Concussive Dizziness Labyrinthine & VN injury Vestibular Migraine BPPV Meniere’s Disease Medication side-effects 21

22. Why Some Patients Do Not Recover Promptly?  Severity and frequency of damage to the brain  Inadequate initial treatment of symptoms  Fragmented interventions, without a coherent and systematic approach  Depression, loss of hope due to persistent dizziness, with or without co-existing sleep, anxiety, and disability issues  Loss of self-esteem, deterioration in lifestyle  Secondary gain, legal matters 22

23. Migraine Issues Migraine Issues Mood, Sleep, and Cognitive Issues Balance & Equilibrium Issues 23 Concussion Recovery Program: Treatment of Three Main Categories of Symptoms

24. Concussion Recovery Program 24 Migraine Reduce exposure to triggering stimuli Improve sleep Prophylactic medications Improve Diet & Exercise Neurofeedback Balance & Equilibrium Careful examination by expert neurologists Equilibrium testing Balance and vestibular rehab Address co- existing issues (such as tinnitus) Mood, Sleep, and Cognitive Issues Meditation Counseling Improve sleep Medications Improve Diet & Exercise Neurofeedback

25. Concussion Recovery Program Results:  Better balance & Equilibrium  Awareness and understanding of disease processes and solutions  Expect full resolution of symptoms  Regain confidence  Better sleep  More hopeful  Brighter mood https://alum.mit.edu/news/QuickTake/Archive/200804/ 25

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