1. Effects of Village Power Quality on Fuel Consumption and Operating Expenses/ Village Power System Performance Monitoring: (CY 2006 Annual Review) UAF PI: Richard Wies UAF co-PI: Ron Johnson Industry PI: Peter Crimp, Alaska Energy Authority A project funded by the US DOE National Energy Technology Lab (NETL) through the Arctic Energy Technology & Development Laboratory (AETDL) AEA

2. Village Power Quality and Performance Monitoring (CY 06) Introduction Objectives Project Milestones Project Highlights Project Budget Sample Analysis Future Work 2

3. A stand-alone system with multiple power sources: Diesel Gen, Wind, Hydro, Batteries, and others 3 Village Power System

4. Objectives Create a consortium of rural utilities:  Alaska rural utilities  Alaska Energy Authority (AEA)  Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC) Survey of existing village power monitoring systems Data collection and management (standardization) Optimization through data analysis and energy profiling (Hybrid Arctic Remote Power SIMulator):  load profiling  energy efficiency analysis  economic analysis  environmental analysis 4

5. Project Milestones (CY06) 5 DateMilestonesParticipant(s)Status Jan 2005- Jun 2007 Collect Existing Power System Data UAF/AEA95% Complete Jun 2005- Sep 2007 Installation of New Remote Monitoring Systems in Villages AEA75% Complete Jun 2005- Sep 2007 Village Data Analysis & Recommendations UAF75% Complete Sep 2005- Sep 2007 Consortium of AK Rural Utilities UAF25% Complete Sep 2006One Year ExtensionUAF/AEA Granted Oct. 13, 2006 Sep 2007Final Report IssuedUAF/AEA To be Completed

6. Project Highlights (1) 6 Village power system data collection & analysis: AEA and AVEC: developing a standard system for downloading village power data on a regular schedule and in a convenient format. Metering Projects: powerhouse electrical data, weather stations, met towers, BTU meters from heat recovery systems, and electrical data from village users such as schools, washeterias, and community buildings. Kongiganak, Lime Village, Stevens Village, and Wales Village - UAF evaluated data with its hybrid power system analysis tool (HARPSIM) Kwigillingok and Kongiganak - access to online data (URL: http://www.aidea.org/aea/aearemotemon.html) Remote monitoring switchgear installed in 16 villages: Atka Diesel Powerhouse and Hydro Facility, Arctic Village, Chuathbaluk, Crooked Creek, Golovin, Hughes, Kongiganak, Koyukuk, Kwigillingok, Pedro Bay, Manokotak, Nikolski, Sleetmute, Stevens Village, Stony River, and Takotna 5 more villages by summer 2007: Buckland, Chefornak, Diomede, Larsen Bay Hydro Facility, and Ouzinkie Diesel Powerhouse and Hydro Facility

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9. Project Highlights (2) 9 Graduate student Ashish Agrawal defended his PhD dissertation entitled “Hybrid Electric Power Systems in Remote Villages: Economic and Environmental Analysis for Monitoring, Optimization and Control” on Monday, July 17, 2006 based on work related to this project. Presentation on hybrid village power systems at 2006 Alternative Energy Fair at the Chena Hot Springs Geothermal Energy Conference on August 20, 2006. A one-year extension with additional funds of $71k from DOE for salary and travel was granted on this project to complete the collection and analysis of data from newly installed monitoring systems. Planning a consortium meeting/workshop for AK rural utilities at AK Rural Energy conference in April 2007.

10. Village Load Profiles 10

11. Sample Analysis (1): Kongiganak 11 Current Power System: –DEGS: Diesel #1: 235 kW Diesel #2: 190 kW Diesel #3: 190 kW Diesel #4: 140 kW –One DEG is sufficient to supply the load Avg: 95 kW Min: 45 kW Max: 150 kW –Wind Speed: 7 m/s (15.6 mph) Test System: –2-190kW DEGS (one as backup) –100 kWh absolyte IIP battery bank –1-65kW AOC 15/50 WTGs –12 kW PV array –100kVA bidirectional converter Kongiganak Village  Location: western shore of Kuskokwim bay, 451 miles west of Anchorage (north latitude 59.96°, west longitude 162.89°).  90 housing units, 11 vacant, one school attended by 116 students (US 2000 Census).  Marine climate: temp range 6°F - 57°F.  Average annual precipitation: 22 inches  Average annual snowfall: 43 inches

12. Sample Analysis (2) 12

13. Sample Analysis (3) 13

14. Sample Analysis (4) 14

15. Sample Analysis (5) 15 Item Cost per unit (USD) No of units Diesel-only system (USD) Diesel-battery system (USD) PV-diesel- battery system (USD) Wind-diesel- battery system (USD) PV-wind- diesel- battery system (USD) 2 wind- diesel- battery system (USD) 140 kW diesel generator 40,0001 190 kW diesel generator 45,0001 Switch gear to automate control of the system 16,0001 18,00020,000 22,00030,000 Rectification/Inversio n 18,00010 28,000 New Absolyte IIP 6- 90A13 battery bank 2,14316034,288 68,576 AOC 15/50 wind turbine generator 55,0001000 110,000 Siemens M55 solar panels 2621800047,1600 0 Engineering13,0003,5004,000 4,5006,000 Commissioning, Installation, freight, travel, miscellaneous 113,00014,00016,00018,00020,00030,000 TOTAL117,000172,788224,448234,288285,948357,576 Installation cost for different components for Kongiganak Village

16. 16 ItemDiesel-battery system PV-diesel-battery system Wind-diesel-battery system PV-wind-diesel-battery system HARPSimHOMERHARPSimHOMERHARPSimHOMERHARPSimHOMER System cost (USD)172,788 224,448224,450234,288 285,948285,950 Engine efficiency (%)29.328.6329.328.5129.327.0329.326.88 kWh/liter (kWh/gallon) for engine 3.11 (11.75) 3.04 (11.48) 3.11 (11.75) 3.02 (11.43) 3.11 (11.75) 2.87 (10.84) 3.11 (11.75) 2.85 (10.78) Fuel consumed in liters (gallons) 267,662 (70,810) 273,910 (72,463) 264,834 (70,062) 272,568 (72,108) 193,249 (51,124) 216,027 (57,150) 190,837 (50,486) 214,776 (56,819) Total cost of fuel (USD)212,429217,390210,185216,325153,373171,451151,458170,456 Energy supplied (a) Diesel engine (kWh)832,152832,205823,368823,422597145619,504588,362612,287 (b) WTG (kWh)----235,007238,000235,007238,000 (c) PV array (kWh)--8,7848,783--8,7848,783 Energy supplied to load (kWh)832,152832,205832,152832,205832,152832,205832,152832,205 Operational life (a) Generator (years)51.875 51.85 (b) Battery bank (years)5125.5125.5126 Net present value (USD) with i = 7% and n = 20 years -1,992,4882,545,0842,945,5021,954,1272,383,7661,974,3892,421,502 Cost of Electricity (USD/kWh)0.30122.60.3040.3340.2370.270.240.275 Payback period for renewable (years)--Never-1.07-2.12- Emissions (a) CO 2 in metric tons (US tons)660 (728)703 (775)653 (720)700 (772)477 (526)555 (612)471 (519)552 (608) (b) NOx in kg (lbs) 7,322 (16,143) - 7,245 (15,972) - 5,288 (11,657) - 5,222 (11,512) - (c) PM 10 in kg (lbs)308 (679)-305 (672)-222 (490)-220 (484)- Sample Analysis: Comparison of Results (6)

17. Item Two wind-diesel-battery system HARPSimHOMER System cost (USD)357,576 Engine efficiency (%)29.326.6 kWh/liter (kWh/gallon) for the engine 3.11 (11.75) 2.78 ( 10.53) Fuel consumed in liters (gallons) 151,252 (39,961) 201,444 (53,222) Total cost of fuel (USD)119,883159,876 Energy supplied (a) Diesel engine (kWh)469,542561,741 (b) WTG (kWh) 470,015475,999 Energy supplied to load (kWh)832,152832,205 Operational life (a) Generator (years)51.8 (b) Battery bank (years)5.512 Net present value (USD) with i = 7% and n = 20 years 1,748,9882,407,895 Cost of Electricity (USD/kWh)0.220.273 Payback period for WTG (years)1.56- Emissions (a) CO 2 in metric tons (US ton)367 (405)517 (570) (b) NOx in kg (lbs) 4,068 (9,112) - (c) PM 10 in kg (lbs)171 (383)- 17 Sample Analysis: Comparison of Results (7)

18. Sample Analysis (8) 18 DEGs = 87% Renewables = 5% Battery Bank = 5% Switchgear = 1% Controller = 1% Miscellaneous = 1% 20-year LCC analysis of the Kongiganak Village hybrid power system using HARPSim DEGs Renewables Battery Bank Switchgear Controller Miscellaneous The NPV of the system, with i = 7% and fuel cost = 0.79 USD per liter (3.0 USD per gallon), is 1,974,389 USD

19. Sample Analysis (9) 19 i = 0.03 i = 0.07

20. Sample Analysis (10) 20 i = 0.07 i = 0.03 Diesel-battery system Wind-diesel-battery system

21. Sample Analysis (11) 21 i = 0.03 i = 0.07

22. Project Budget The total budget for this project is $371.4K with $80.0K as a subcontract to AEA. About 78% or $284.5K of the budget has been spent or encumbered. 22

23. Future Work Data Management: Storage, Format, and Web Access Data Collection & Analysis: New remote monitoring sites (electrical, thermal, and meteorological data) Select new villages for remote monitoring installs Consortium of AK Rural Utilities and Industry Partners: Meeting/Workshop at AK Rural Energy Conference in April 2007 Remote Supervisory Control of Village Power Systems for Management and Optimization (Future Project) 23

24. Questions? 24 Questions???