1. Poznamka: Velmi se omlouvam se za zpozdeni, zakon schvalnosti pracuje az priliz dobre. Prezentace jeste neni dokonale kompletni. Velmi bych velmi ocenil jakekoli primominky, navrhy a rady. Omlouvam se a mnohokrat dekuji, Jindrich Fixa

2. 10/4/20152

3. Fusion the energy of the future? I. Fusion II. Tokamaks III. History vs. the future

4. Fusion the energy of the future? I. Fusion <- II. Tokamaks III. History vs. the future

5. I. Fusion: a) Why fusion ? b) Fusion reactions c) Plasma in nature d) Plasma definition

6. a)Why fusion ? Ecology Safety Fuel effective Fuel resources

7. a)Why fusion ? – Fuel resources Gigajoules (10 9 joules)Divided by world annual energy consumption per year ( Present consumption3 * 10 11 1 year Coal1.0 * 10 14 300 years Oil1.2 * 10 13 40 years Natural gas1.4 * 10 13 50 years Uranium 235 (fission)10 13 30 years Uranium 238 and thorium 232 (breeder reactors)10 16 30 000 years Lithium (D-T fusion reactors) - Land - Oceans 10 16 10 19 30 000 years 30* 10 6 years

8. b) Fusion reactions: D + D -> 3 He + n + 3.2 MeV D + D -> T + p + 4.0 MeV D + T -> 4 He + n + 17.6 MeV

9. d) Plasma definition The plasma approximation Bulk interactions Plasma frequency

10. c) Plasma in nature 99% of the space is made up form plasma yet there is almost none on Earth

11. Fusion the energy of the future? I. Fusion II. Tokamaks <- III. History vs. the future

12. II. Tokamaks: a) Fusion and tokamaks b) Ignition condition c) Plasma confinement d) Tokamak reactor e) Tokamak economics

13. Before we begin: The system units m.k.s. Temperatures – J or eV (or keV)

14. a) Fusion and tokamaks D + T -> 4 He + n + 17.6 MeV Most promising method of supplying energy

15. b) Thermonuclear fusion Most promising method of supplying energy Heating methods:

16. b) Ignition condition ignition temperature is 10-20 keV -+10%

17. c) Plasma confinement Poloidal coil (Primary + t oroidal coil)

18. d) Tokamak reactor Blanket Vacuum Vessel

19. e) Tokamak economics Total cost Direct cost 65% Indirect cost 25% Contingency 10% Direct cost Reactor 50-60% Conventional plant 35-30% Structures 15-10% Reactor cost Coils30%Heat transfer15% Shield10%Auxiliary power 15% Blanket 10%Other components20%

20. Fusion the energy of the future? I. Fusion II. Tokamaks III. History vs. the future <-

21. III. History vs. the future a) Historical milestones b) Tokamak development c) ITER on it’s way

22. a) Historical milestones 1905 – A. Einstein: E = m * c 2 1920 - A.S. Eddington: Energy source in stars 1928 - I. Langmur: “Plasma” 1934 – E. Rutherford: D+D fusion 1957 - J.D. Lawson: Lawson criteria 1960 – I.A.Kuechatov: Lecture at Harvell 1983 – JET 1991 – JET – D-T combination as a fuel

23. b) Tokamak development 2015 – ITER – first physic experiments 2014 – DEMO – project begins 2024 – ITER – technological experiments 2024 – DEMO – construction 2032 – DEMO– start 2034 – ITER – deconstruction 2046 – DEMO – deconstruction 2050 – First fusion power plant?

24. c) ITER on it’s way Where? - France - Cadarache When? - First experiments are planed to 2014 How?- Together and with class 500-700MW

25. d) Look into the future

26. What future holds ? ITER 3x bigger then the biggest current tokamak in the world.

27. Recapitulation So why is it not here yet ? Expensive development Initial investment Is fusion the energy of the future ? Safe Effective Resourceful Cheap to run

28. Source: Tokamaks - John Wesson (Oxford science publications) Focus On: JET - The European Center of Fusion Research - Jan Mlynář The science of JET - John Wesson Úvod do fyziky plazmatu - Francis F. Chen Řízená termojaderná syntéza pro kazdeho - Milan Řípa, Vladimír Weinzettl, Jan Mlynář, František Žáčekg Web of science Science Direct

29. Thanks to : Milan Řípa Jan Mlynář Jan Horácek Vojtěch Svoboda

30. Jindrich Fixa 10/4/201530