1. Air Dispersion Primer Deposition begins when material reaches the ground Material from the lower stack reaches the ground before that of the taller stack. Consequently the material from the taller stack is more dilute when it first reaches the ground since it is mixed with a larger volume of air

2. Limited Mixing Temperature inversion above the ground acts like a lid so that materials are trapped between the lid and the ground and both small and taller stacks tend to have similar concentrations once both plumes have expanded enough to reach the lid. Initially the small stack will have a more concentrated plume because it is mixed over a smaller depth

3. Stability & Plume Cross-sections stable neutral unstable In a stable atmosphere the plume spreads very little in the vertical direction; concentrations aloft at the same distance downwind are higher, but they may not occur at ground level. These conditions usually occur at night with clear skies and low winds. With unstable conditions the plume spreads rapidly in the vertical direction and concentrations aloft are lower for the same distance downwind, but the highest ground-level occur closer to the stack because the plumes reaches the ground more quickly.

4. Terrain Effects Contaminants moving with cold air flow along the slope until the cold air reaches a point where colder air has pooled in the valley bottom. Once there is colder air below the contaminants they tend to be isolated from the ground

5. Buildings Change Dispersion ∙Eddies form behind buildings and mix contaminants in the wake of the buildings ∙Material emitted from stacks can be brought to the ground if the stacks are not significantly higher than the buildings ∙Material can be dispersed in much different directions than expected (see following examples)

6. Diagnostic-Empirical Computational Fluid Dynamics Fast: less than a second Accuracy: poor Universality: poor Meteorology: crude Medium Speed: 1 - 10 minutes Accuracy: fair Universality: ok Meteorology: very simplified Slow: hours to days Accuracy: good Universality: very good Meteorology: closer to real LANL-modified EPA INPUFF QUIC LANL HIGRAD Gaussian Puff Model Fidelity vs. Application Buildings produce different dispersion than predicted with simpler models.

7. The High-Rise Experiment U S Ohba, M., W. H. Snyder and R. E. Lawson, 1993: “Study in Prediction of Gas Concentrations Around Twin High-Rise Buildings using Wind-Tunnel Techniques,” USEPA ● Compare measured concentrations with those estimated by QUIC-Plume ● Compare local mixing estimations with Non-local estimations and measurements

8. Non-Local Mixing Dispersion

10. Effect of bldgs Eddies mix the pollutants behind the buildings in very complex and fluctuating flows

11. Effects of multiple stacks Plumes from multiple sources overlap making the concentration less sensitive to the wind direction