1. GABA and Glycine: recap Inhibitory neurotransmitters Synthesis and packaging into vesicles. Removal from synapse Date-rape drug: gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) or flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) GABA receptors Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, Ativan) Glycine Excitatory actions of GABA in the developing brain. Box 6D OMIT all of BOX 6D

2. Figure 6.1 Examples of small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters (Part 2)

3. Figure 6.8 Synthesis, release, and reuptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine (Part 1) Fig. 6.8 (A) GABA

4. Figure 6.8 Synthesis, release, and reuptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine (Part 2) Fig. 6.8 (B) GLYCINE

5. Figure 6.9 Ionotropic GABA receptors Fig. 6.9

6. Figure 6.1 Examples of small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters (Part 4)

7. Chapter 6 NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR RECEPTORS CHAPTER 6 Part II Biogenic amines and psychiatric disorders. Addiction Purine neurotransmitters Peptide neurotransmitters Unconventional neurotransmitters Marijuana and the brain

8. Figure 6.10 The biosynthetic pathway for the catecholamine neurotransmitters Fig. 6.10 DOPAMINE Norepinephrine Epinephrine Tyrosine DOPA Precursor Neurotransmitters

9. Figure 6.11 The distribution of catecholamine neurotransmitters in the human brain Fig. 6.11 Parkinson’s Disease affects “dopaminergic” neurons of the substantia nigra

10. BOX 6F ADDICTION Drug Addiction aka “substance dependence” “ compulsive drug use occurs despite the negative consequences for the afflicted individual ” (NeuroScience text) “is a user's compulsive need to use drugs in order to function normally. When such substances are unobtainable, the user suffers from withdrawal.” (Wikipedia) “physical and psychological dependence in which the individual continues the drug-taking behavior despite maladaptive consequences” (American Psychiatric Association www.psych.org )www.psych.org Cocaine - midbrain region of brainstem (ventral tegmental area) Heroin - same dopaminergic circuitry as cocaine (vta)

11. B0X 6E BIOGENIC AMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS Psychotropic drugs: drugs that altar behavior, mood or perception 1.Anti-psychotics ie. Reserpine (1950’s), Haldol™ (haloperidol) Risperdal™ (risperdal) 2.Anti-anxiety ie. MAO inhibitors, benzodiazepines Librium™ (chlordiazepoxide), Valium™ (diazepam) Xanax TM (alprazolam) Ativan TM (lorazepam) 3. Anti-depressants ie. a. MAO inhibitors (tranylcypromine, phenelzine) b. tricyclic antidepressants (desipramine) or Elavil™ (amytripyline) c. SSRI’s Prozac™ (fluoxetine), Zoloft™ (sertraline) 4.Stimulants ie. Dexedrine™ or Adderall™ (d-amphetamine) MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly), Methamphetamine

12. MDMA: aka Ecstacy MDMA (contracted from 3,4- methylenedioxy- methamphetamine) “is a substituted amphetamine class of drug that is consumed primarily for its euphoric and empathogenic effects. Pharmacologically, MDMA acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine- dopamine releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor.” methylenedioxy methamphetamineeuphoric empathogenic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA

13. COMBATING METHAMPHETAMINE USE

14. Figure 6.11 The distribution of DOPAMINE neurotransmitters in the human brain (Part 1) Fig. 6.11 (A)

15. BOX 18A PARKINSON’S DISEASE Idiopathic Disease When was it first described and by whom? Typical age of onset Is it inherited? Symptoms Cellular and molecular defect Treatments/therapy

16. Figure 6.11 The distribution of NOREPINEPHRINE neurotransmitters in the human brain (Part 2) Fig. 6.11 (B)

17. Figure 6.11 The distribution of EPINEPHRINE neurotransmitters in the human brain Fig. 6.11 (C)

18. Figure 6.12 Metabotropic receptors for catecholamine neurotransmitters Fig. 6.12

19. Figure 6.12 Metabotropic receptors for catecholamine neurotransmitters (Part 1) Fig. 6.12 (A)

20. Figure 6.12 Metabotropic receptors for catecholamine neurotransmitters (Part 2) Fig. 6.12 (B)

21. Figure 6.13 The distribution of histamine and serotonin neurotransmitters in the human brain Fig. 6.13 HISTAMINE SEROTONIN

22. Figure 6.14 Synthesis of histamine and serotonin Fig. 6.14 HISTAMINE SEROTONIN

23. Figure 6.1 Examples of small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters (Part 3)

24. Figure 6.15 Purinergic Receptors Fig. 6.15

25. Figure 6.15 Purinergic Receptors (Part 1) Fig. 6.15 (A) ATP

26. Figure 6.15 Purinergic Receptors (Part 2) Fig. 6.15 (B) ADENOSINE

27. Figure 6.1 Examples of small-molecule and peptide neurotransmitters (Part 5) Example of an ENKEPHALIN

28. Figure 6.16 Proteolytic processing of pre-propeptides Fig. 6.16

29. Figure 6.17 Amino acid sequences of neuropeptides Fig. 6.17 Brain/Gut Opioid Pituitary Hypothalamic Misc Substance P hippocampus, neocortex, GI tract

30. Table 6.2 ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS Hydrocodone/Oxycodone – narcotics that use opioid receptors - Side effects, abuse, withdrawal

31. Figure 6.16 Proteolytic processing of pre-propeptides TO PRODUCE ENDORPHINS Fig. 6.16 (A) PRE-PRO-OPIO-MELANO-CORTIN Endogenous Opioid Peptide Endorphin propeptide:

32. Figure 6.16 Proteolytic processing of pre-propeptides FOR ENKEPHALINS Fig. 6.16 (B)

33. Box 6G Marijuana and the brain Box 6G CB1-receptor for THC

34. Figure 6.18 Endocannabinoid signals involved in synaptic transmission Fig. 6.18 = Agonist = Antagonist 2-AG

35. Figure 6.20 Synthesis, release, and termination of NO Fig. 6.20