1. Groundwater - Surface Water Interaction and Contaminant Movement Teacher Workshop March 13, 2015 UNC-CH Amy Keyworth NCDENR Division of Water Resources Division of Water Resources

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Exploring Geology by Reynolds Johnson Kelly Morin Carter

3. Resources  http://water.usgs.gov/education.html http://water.usgs.gov/education.html  Google images – USGS losing stream

4. Acknowledgements  Christine Blanton Lawson (NCDENR DWR)  Evan Kane (NCDENR DWR)  Ben Mirus (USGS)

5. Ocean currents Glaciers Clouds and precipitation Flowing water Lakes Groundwater Oceans Biological water Water in minerals Where is the water?

6. How Does Water Move?

7. Air currents Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Runoff Infiltration (recharge) Groundwater discharge Transpiration from plants

8. How Does Water Move? Air currents Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Runoff Infiltration (recharge) Groundwater discharge Transpiration from plants Water Balance Equation – Inputs = Outputs

9. Distribution of Water

10. Estimated Water Age Residence Time Oceans and seas@ 4000 years Lakes and reservoirs@ 10 years Swamps1-10 years Rivers@ 2 weeks Soil Moisture2 wks to 1 yr Groundwater2 wks to 10,000 yrs Icecaps and glaciers10-1,000 yrs Atmospheric Water@ 10 days Source: Nace, 1971 Millions

11. Groundwater Age http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groundwater_flow.svg

12. Water Use in U.S.

13. Groundwater Between Grains Most groundwater in pore spaces between grains and clasts Below, pores saturated with groundwater Pores in upper parts generally unsaturated Top of saturated zone is water table 17.03.a1

14. Infiltration Groundwater flow EvapotranspirationPrecipitation Surface runoff Wetlands and lakes Reach water table and saturated zone How Does Groundwater Accumulate? 17.03.b1

15. Needed for groundwater to flow Change in elevation or pressure (head) Porosity Permeability

16. Porosity: Proportion of Open Space Which of the following have lower porosity and which have higher porosity? Crystals in granite fit tightly Clay particles do not fit tightly Rounded, sorted clasts do not fit tightly Poorly sorted clasts fit more tightly High porosity Low porosity Lower porosity High porosity

17. Permeability: Pores Connected So Fluids Flow Granite with many fractures Loosely cemented gravels Compacted clay (shale) Porous volcanic rock with isolated pores High permeability Low permeability

18. http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module06/Porosity.htm http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module06/Permeability.htm http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module06/Packing.htm http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module04/GroundwaterSpee d.htm