1. Considerations to Launch a Nuclear Power Program Daw S Mosbah Arab Atomic Energy Agency Tunis

2. Motivations Overall Growth in Demand for Energy
Linkage between energy and development
Energy Security / Self-Reliance
Energy Diversity
Economics
Low operational costs relative to other forms of power
Emissions / Global Warming

3. Electricity Production Costs
cents per kWhr)
Oil 8.09
Gas 7.51
Coal 2.21
Nuclear 1.72 05

4. Increasing Nr. of countries considering introduction of nuclear power
Operating
Considering

5. Overview
A decision to build NPP requires: good planning, preparedness, investment in human and financial resources
The difference between NPPs and other PP is possessing and dealing with nuclear materials
The decision must based on strong commitment that the nuclear energy used exclusively in peaceful applications and with high standards of safety and security
This commitments require building sustainable national infrastructure

6. Overview Infrastructures include:
“hard”; material facilities, site, grid, radioactive waste equipments
“soft”; legislative, regulatory and administrative frameworks, human and financial resources development
activities and arrangements needed to implement the project
All partners in the project interested that the national infrastructure needed should be available
developing a nuclear program requires commitment of many subjects and activities related with infrastructure sustainability during the operation, decommissioning and disposal of radioactive waste for about 100 year

7. 19 issues to be tackled Sound nuclear infrastructure
Is a key to successful construction/operation of NP
19 issues to be tackled
Infrastructure WS 5-7 November 2007

8. Infrastructure Issues for Nuclear Power Program
National Position
Nuclear Safety
Management
Funding & Financing
Legislative Framework
Safeguards
Regulatory Framework
Radiation Protection
Electrical Grid
Human Resources Development

9. Infrastructure Issues for Nuclear Power Program
Stakeholder Involvement
Site & Supporting Facilities
Environmental Protection
Emergency Planning
Security & Physical Protection
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Radioactive Waste
Industrial Involvement
Procurement

10. Key steps to follow
From “policy decision to consider NP” to “start of operation of first NPP” : will be at least 7-16 years
Declaration of interest in nuclear as an option
ENERGY PLANNING
Phase 1: 1-3 years
Development of knowledge of commitment/obligation &
Assessment (national capacity, role of government..)
Milestone: Formal Intention To Implement Nuclear Power Program
Phase 2: 3-7 years
Start implementation of INFRASTRUCTURE BUILDING PLAN…
Milestone: Invitation To Bids Issued
Phase 3: 3-6 years
First Project Contract Signed
CONSTRUCTION of the FIRST NPP
Milestone: Ready for Criticality and Operational Testing

11. Need step-by-step decision-making to reach
Requires long term commitment of the nation
Technology and market will evolve with time
Jumping into advanced stage without establishing balanced
infrastructure : may eventually retard the whole process
Potential risk of missing elements:
Commitment by the Government & prospective Operator
Definition of the role of government and private sector
Human resources development
Public acceptance
Licensing framework etc.

12. Phases and Milestones
Nuclear power option included within the national energy strategy
First phase: 1-3 years
Considerations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken
MILESTONE 1
Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment to a nuclear programme
Second phase: 3-7 years
Preparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken
MILESTONE 2
Ready to invite bids for the first NPP
Second phase: 3-6 years
NPP implementation
MILESTONE 3
Ready to commission and operate NPP

13. Infrastructure development program
Preparing for assuming commitments & obligations
Infrastructure development program
1st. NPP Project
Commissioning
Operation / decommissioning
Nuclear power option included within the
national energy strategy
 7 – 15 years
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
PHASE 1
MILESTONE 1
Ready to make a knowledgeable commitment
to a nuclear programme
MILESTONE 2
Ready to invite bids
for the first NPP
MILESTONE 3
Ready to commission and operate the first NPP
Feasibility study
Bidding process
Pre project Project decision making Construction
Considerations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken
Preparatory work for the construction of a NPP after a policy decision has been taken
Activities to implement a first NPP
Maintenance and continuous infrastructure improvement
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

14. Main issues to reach milestones
In each Phase
19 major issues to fulfil
for reaching the corresponding milestone
Each issue requires specific actions during each phase

15. Infrastructure issues and milestones
Infrastructure WS 5-7 November 2007

16. Summary of Conditions to achieve the milestones
Infrastructure Issue
Milestone 1 – Ready to Make a Knowledgeable Commitment to a Nuclear Programme
Milestone 2 – Ready to Invite Bids for the First NPP
Milestone 3 - Ready to commission and operate the first NPP
1. National Position
NEPIO established and staffed
Safety, security and non-proliferation needs recognized
Appropriate international legal instruments identified
Comprehensive legal framework identified
Establishment of effectively independent regulatory body recognized
Nuclear power inserted in nation’s development strategy
Needs of project management identified
Human resources needs surveyed
Financial resources evaluated
Arrangements for handling and storage of radioactive waste identified
Supply of national and international components and services assessed
Transparent communication and interaction regarding the nuclear programme established
National legislation enacted
International legal instruments adopted
Regulatory body established
An effective SSAC established
Financial and operational modalities established
Policy for nuclear fuel cycle established
Legal & financial arrangements for decommissioning established
Socio-political involvement established
Stakeholder involvement established and maintained
Policy for national industrial participation established
Human resources development programme started
Safeguards programme provided
Security programme provided
Radiation protection and emergency plans established
International standards for environmental protection adopted
Commitments and obligations of owner/ operator organisations established
Implementation national laws and regulations assured
Regulatory body funds and staff assured
Technical & managerial owner’s competence verified by regulatory body
Acceptable level of socio-political involvement maintained
Sufficient financing availability assured
Human and physical resources assured
Appropriate funding plan for waste, long term spent fuel management and decommissioning implemented and assured
2 Nuclear Safety
Recognized the need for :
Relevance of nuclear safety
Long-term commitment for the first NPP
Cooperation in international partnerships
Need of intergovernmental instruments on safety
Support through international co-operation
Independent regulatory body
Safety responsibilities by all stakeholders recognized
Legal and governmental framework consistent with Fundamental Safety Principles implemented
Safety culture evaluated
Regulatory body able to evaluate the safety submission
Safety culture adopted by the constructor, engineer, operator and regulatory body organisations
Regulatory body prepared to determine whether an adequate appreciation for safety is present and with the authority to act independently
Programs to maintain technical skills and management attitude to assure strong safety culture are in place

17. Assess implications of launching nuclear programme
First phase : Considerations Before a Decision to
Launch a Nuclear Power Program is Taken
Outline
Assess implications of launching nuclear programme
Understand the commitment and obligations
Develop nuclear energy strategy
Assessment
National/regional energy plan (& non-electric application)
Assessment of various energy options
Assessment of viability of nuclear option
Understanding the need for development and establishment;
Legal and regulatory framework
Human resources development plan
Financial and operational modality for the ownership/Operation
Industry capability development & localization
Fuel cycle strategies (procurement policy, disposal etc
Nuclear power : required long-term commitment and stable policy

18. 2nd phase : Policy decision for NP project ~ start of construction
Outline
Ensure the necessary level of technical/institutional competence is achieved
Assessment
Confirm viability of NP by feasibility study
Establish framework and capabilities
Enact legal framework
Establish regulatory body
Decide financial and operational modality for the ownership and implementation of NPP project (design assessment, establishing user requirement, tendering bid, bid evaluation)
Evaluate available technology
Tender bid & Bid evaluation etc.

19. What does a national position need to show
Positive support
Stability
Commitment
Clarity
Credibility
Openness
Honesty
Security
Reputation

20. National Position Commitment of resources
Commitment to ensure Legislation in place
Commitment to ensure human resources are developed
Commitment to international obligations
Commitment for a long time
Coordination of all activities
NEPIO

21. National Position Consensus between all parties
Public awareness of the need
Nuclear benefit to national prosperity
Technology benefits apparent
Essential to ensure overall coordination
Essential to ensure stable and long term framework
Essential to ensure plans are in place for all eventualities

22. Nuclear Energy Programme Implementing Organisation NEPIO
Established at High Government Level
Strong Support across government and industry
Adequately funded and staffed
Clear Mandate
Defined timescale for achievement (max. 24 months)

23. Nuclear Energy Programme Implementing Organisation (NEPIO)
Responsible Minister
Director of NEPIO
Legal & regulatory team
Technical, commercial
policy consultant
Environmental assessment & siting
Electric market & generation mix team
NPP technology &
fuel cycle team
Economic & technology
localization team
Public information &
public consultation team

24. Safety Fundamentals 10 Fundamental Safety Principles
Responsibility for safety
Role of government
Leadership and management for safety
Justification of facilities and activities
Optimization of protection
Limitation of risks to individuals
Protection of present and future generations
Prevention of accidents
Emergency preparedness and response
Protective action to reduce existing or unregulated radiation risks

25. nuclear legislation
To ensure control over nuclear material, facilities and any other radioactive material
To ensure that nuclear energy and its applications are exclusively used for peaceful uses.
To ensure that nuclear facilities, nuclear materials and any other radioactive material are handled and operated safely and securely through a system of regulatory control.
To ensure that compensation mechanisms are in place in case of nuclear damage

26. International legal instruments

27. Safeguards
Establish a State System of Accounting for and Control of nuclear material (SSAC)
Provide information to the Agency
Facilitate access by Agency
Cooperate with the Agency

28. Regulatory Framework Authorization (Licensing) Process
Review and Assessment
Inspection
Enforcement
Development of Regulatory Approach, Regulations and Guides
Information and Public Communication

29. NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE Disposal International Atomic Energy Agency Natural
Uranium
Disposal
International Atomic Energy Agency

30. Human Resource Development
Knowledge and skills needed to support a nuclear programme identified by NEPIO
A HR Development Plan
How many people do we need in order to consider having a nuclear power programme?

31. action plan for education
A list of required skills and competences has to be elaborated,
resulting in a « human resources development plan » :
Training needs, at engineers and technical staff levels
Scheduling training with nuclear project (procurement, building, operating)
Human resources policy :
how to select future staff of the nuclear program ?
how to fix motivating salaries ?
need to be matched with country education system,
and socio-cultural context, in order to manage successfully the know-how transfer :
Analyse local education system
Evaluate level of local graduations (technicians, engineers, doctors)
Prepare adaptation of existing local training courses to nuclear requirements

32. Skills requirements Examples of skills and competences :
Required competences during the different project phases correspond to the list of skills allowing finally a safe and efficient operation of the nuclear plant, including reactor running under all circumstances
Operators in charge of the control room will have to deal with thermo-hydraulics, command-control, neutronics, and crisis management
Examples of skills and competences :
Nuclear Safety, on site auditing, documentation management,
Operations
Engineering support , modification,
I & C, equipment & system testing, computerised system & equipment,
Maintenance functions including valves, vessel & piping, isolation, machining unit, welding, spare part management, non destructive testing,
Chemistry, environmental control, Radioprotection, industrial safety
Organisation administration, training and qualification, Emergency Preparedness

33. Manpower Requirements at the Peak during NPPP Construction and Commissioning
Manpower classification
Activity
High-grade
Professionals
Technicians
Craftsmen
Total
1. Pre-Project activities 1 27 2 30
2. Project
Management
NEPIO 8 47 10 65
Main-contractor 22 5 35
3. Project engineering 25
185
160
370
4. Procurement 12
5. Quality assurance / Quality control 32 60
100
6. Manufacturing of equipment &
components 90
210
600
2100
3000
7. Plant construction 80
340
2270
2700
8. Plant commissioning 40 50
200
9. Operation & maintenance
140
220
10. Nuclear fuel cycle
(fuel fabrication) 70
11. Nuclear Licensing & Regulation 45
243
720
1447
4530
6940 33

34. HR in Project phases Training development
Tender preparation, tender,
negotiation , site preparation
Signature of the contracts, construction
Preparation phase
feasibility study
Commissioning
N 11
N -1
N 0
N 2
N 5
N 6
N 9
First connection
to the grid
Legal and Regulatory frameworks
Work under Project team leadership
Nuclear programme planning and procurement choice. Involved bodies :
Safety authority
Operator, owner and responsible of the nuclear plant
Consortium between local and foreign industries
Industrial phase of the project
Training development

35. Human Resources planning
Tender preparation, tender,
negotiation, site preparation
Signature of the contracts, construction
Preparation phase
feasibility study
Commissioning
N 11
N -1
N 0
N 2
N 5
N 6
N 9
First connection
to the grid
Phase 4 :
Hiring
Phase 9 : Beginning of engineers training in safety, radioprotection, running, maintenance
Phase 3: Job task analysis & description, required skills
Phase 2 : Definition of the structure of organization & administration, completion of “skilled surroundings”
Phase 8 : Training center Construction
Phase 6 : On site training
Phase 7 : Training center design, including a full scope simulator
Phase 1:
Gap analysis of the local education,
identifying additional education needs and know how transfer
Phase 5 :
Basic training for operating staff, trainers, managers (local & abroad)

36. The AAEA
It is a sub organization of The Arab league. Established in 1989
13 Arab states are members of AAEA
Promote peaceful application of atomic energy through many activities; training, CRPs, meetings and conferences…..
The structure of AAEA is similar to that of IAEA; General Conference, Executive Council

37. League Of Arab States (22 Countries)
Gulf Countries:
UAE
KSA
Qatar
Oman
Bahrain
Kuwait
Other Arab Countries :
Lebanon
Syria
Jordan
Palestine
Yemen
Iraq
African Countries :
Algeria
Morocco
Tunisia
Libya
Egypt
Sudan
Somalia
Djibouti
Comoros
Mauritania
Only 13 countries are memberes in AAEA
Population 312 Million

38. The objectives of AAEA
Coordinate among member states in the field of peaceful applications of atomic energy.
Suggest and sponsor many coordinated research projects between Arab States in different fields of atomic energy applications; such as agriculture, industry, medicine and environment.
Assist in manpower development and scientific information concerning nuclear sciences.
Set up unified Arab regulations for radiation protection, nuclear safety and security and safe handling of radioactive materials.

39. The objectives of AAEA
Encourage innovation and the patents in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy and encourage their applications taking in consideration the safety and security needs.
Support Arab Scientists in the field of nuclear science and technology to attend relevant conferences, seminars and symposia related to the peaceful uses of atomic energy.
Organize and sponsor relevant Arab and regional conferences.
Cooperate effectively with relevant regional and international organizations.

40. Types of activities
These activities include; training courses, co-ordinated research projects, experts meetings, scientific visits, on-job training, workshops, conferences, seminars and expert missions.
Contributing in knowledge and technology transfer in nuclear field by providing the universities and colleges with proper curricula.
Publishing and translate many books in different fields of nuclear sciences
Publishing a quarterly newsletter

41. Training subjects Research reactors and their applications
Modeling of nuclear accidents and their effects in the environment and public health
Non- destructive testing and their application in the industry
Medical preparedness for radiation accidents and recycling the radioactive wastes
Use of stable and radioactive isotopes in hydrology and water resources management
Radiation protection in nuclear medicine centers and radiotherapy

42. Training subjects Safety and security of radioactive sources
Use of radioactive isotopes in the assessment of residual pesticides and insecticides in plant crops
Use of nuclear techniques in creating a productive and high quality agricultural species
Accelerators and their different applications
Use of nuclear techniques in elemental analysis
Food irradiation and methods of detecting irradiated food
Study of radioactive and chemical pollution
Radioactive treatments for polymers for industrial and medical use

43. The Coordinated Research Project
It is project put by experts in a certain field according to the needs of sustainable development in the Arab countries and to the human resources and technologies available .
The country interested in participating in the CRP assign a national coordinator.
The CRP implemented by available capabilities in the country and it is possible to share the labs and techniques in other country through AAEA
The national coordinators meet annually and discuss their findings, compile the results and put a progress report.
The CRP supported by many activities: training, expert missions scientific visits, …..

44. CRPs Study of chemical and isotopic characteristics of rain water
Determination of the sources of surface, ground and shallow water pollution using hydro chemical and isotopic methods
Using mutation technology and tissue culture in producing improved agricultural crops that resist drought and salinity
Fruit flies eradication using sterilized insects technology
Preparing standard reference material
Food safety and developing tools of detecting irradiated food
Using sewage water in irrigation

45. CRPs
Crops irrigation with saline and brackish water and biological resistance of salts in soil
Use of ionic accelerators
Study of trace elements in serum and blood and their relation with cancer diseases
Measurement of radon gas levels in homes
Arab project for non-destructive testing in industry (long-term project)
Electricity production and desalination using nuclear power
Radiation protection, early warning network and emergency plans

46. Refrences
TECDOC-1513 “ Basic Infrastructure for a Nuclear Power Project”, June 2006
TECDOC-1522 “Potential for Sharing Nuclear Power Infrastructure between Countries”, October 2006
TECDOC-1555 “Managing the First Nuclear Power Plant Project”, May 2007
Brochure “Consideration to launch a nuclear power programme” , March 2007
NE series guide NG-G-3.1 “Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power, September 2007