1. British Imperialism in India
“The sun never sets on the British Empire”

2. John Bull as Octopus of Imperialism (1888)

3. British in Middle East
Suez Canal  human-made waterway connecting Red Sea to the Mediterranean
“Lifeline of the British Empire”
1882  Britain occupied Egypt

4. Suez Canal

5. Mughal Empire was collapsing…
Who led the British East India Co. in a victory to become the leading power in India?
1757 – Robert Clive led  British victory at the Battle of Plassey

6. The British Come to India
How did the East India Co. rule India?
Little interference from British gov’t – had own army
British people came to India for excitement, money, and to improve their status
Ran businesses, became officials, served as missionaries, etc.

7. Indian soldiers in the army of the East India Co.
Who were sepoys?
Indian soldiers in the army of the East India Co.
Led by British army officers
The sepoy army was “ a delicate and dangerous machine, which a little mismanagement may easily turn against us” ~governor of Bombay

8. Governing India
Indian Civil Service (ICS) provided men to govern India
Graduates of British universities who passed exams & interviews worked as district officers
Forest Service, Education Service, Survey of India, Political Service

9. “The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

10. Why was India the “jewel in the crown”?
Supplied raw materials
Large potential market for goods

11. How did the British prevent the Indian economy from operating on its own?
Had to produce materials for Britain & buy British goods
Prohibited Indian competition w/British goods

12. What types of goods, crops, and materials came from India?
Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, opium
Railroads were essential
Trade of Indian goods related to international events

13. What were the negatives of British colonialism for India?
Restrictions on Indian-owned industries
Reduced food production due to cash-crop plantations
Missionaries & British officials threatened Indian traditions and culture

14. What were the positives of British colonialism for India?
World’s 3rd largest railroad network – enabled modern economy & unity
Modernized India
Sanitation & public health improved
Schools founded, literacy increased
Put end to local warfare

15. What caused the Sepoy Mutiny?
Rifle cartridges greased w/beef & pork – against Hindu religious beliefs
Sepoys who refused to accept cartridges were jailed
Sepoys rebelled by marching to Delhi & capturing the city
Rebellion spread

16. Why were the Indians not able to defeat the British?
Weak leadership
Splits between Hindus & Muslims
Sikhs still loyal to British

17. Execution of Sepoys: “The Devil’s Wind”
What happened as a result of the mutiny?
Turning point – Britain took direct command of India – known as the Raj ( )
Fueled racist attitudes of British
Execution of Sepoys: “The Devil’s Wind”

18. How did Ram Mohun Roy, the “Father of Modern India”, want to modernize India?
Move away from traditional ideas & practices
Wanted to end rigid caste system & arranged marriages
Adopt Western ways
Why did nationalist feelings start to surface in India?
Indians hated being 2nd class citizens in own country!

19. What two nationalist groups emerged in India?
Indian National Congress (1885)
Muslim League (1906)
What were their main ideas and concerns?
Called for self- government
swaraj = “independence”

20. Why did the British divide or partition Bengal?
Province was too large to manage
Divided into Hindu section & Muslim section
Terrorism broke out – had to “re-partition” India

21. Pre-Partition

22. Partition of India, 1947 India separate from Pakistan
Legacies of hostility & conflict still linger