1. Empires and Imperialism

2. The Ottoman Empire
What do you remember about the Ottoman Empire? Who were the important people?

3. Selim III Selim III (r. 1789-1807) Attempted Improvements
Intelligent and forward thinking
Looks to European models to solve the problems of the Ottoman Empire
Attempted Improvements
European style military units
Control of provincial governors
Reform the tax system

4. Selim III
Why did Selim III’s attempts to reform the Ottoman empire fail?
Janissaries
Serbian uprising
Ulma
Executed before his cousin and supporters could retake control
No success for reforms because people benefited from old systems

5. Crimean War Greek Independence showcases Ottoman weakness
Peter the Great pushing to expand southward into Ottoman territory
Desires access to the Mediterranean sea
Russians, in exchange for help during the Egyptian invasion of Syria, named the protector of all Orthodox subjects
Sultan names French the protector of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem

6. Crimean War The Eastern Question
Should the Ottoman Empire continue to exist?
If not, who should rule the territory?

7. Crimean War Fought between 1853 and 1856
Britain, France, and Italian kingdoms side with Ottomans
Why does this decision seem out of character?
What were the motives of these countries?

8. Crimean War Nothing goes right for the Russians
Navy trapped in Black Sea
Corruption and lack of effective transportation leaves troops without supplies
Disease
Forced to seek peace agreement when their main fort in Crimea falls

9. Outcomes of the Crimean War
Peace treaty
Blocked Russians from expanding southward to the Mediterranean
Stopped the French and British from taking Ottoman territory for their exclusive use
Meant they could seize land as long as they shared with everyone else too

10. Changes due to the Crimean War
First time Newspaper propaganda campaigns were important in Britain and France
MARKED THE CHANGE FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN WARFARE

11. Ottoman Changes Extraterritoriality
Allowing the Europeans to live in their own little areas in Istanbul
Intense integration into European trading network
Population movement to the cities
Inflation
Lack of exports
Movement for a secular government in 1860s and 1870’s

12. Ottoman Empire Decline
What forces led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
Does this list seem familiar?

13. The Russian Empire
Really big, lots of potential, but somewhat backwards compared to Europe
Only about 6% of population lives in cities by mid 1800s
Very agricultural society
Lack of effective, reliable transportation system
Industrialization and development relied heavily on the importation of knowledge and skill from Europe
Uneducated, traditional, diverse society

14. Liberal vs Conservative Leadership
Alexander I
Attempted to force reforms on Russia including
Encouraging more education including more Universities and studying abroad
Modernizing the army
New Bureaucratic regime
Decembrist movement
Death of Alexander brings chaos and confusion to empire in 1825
Army Officers attempt a coup to take control
Exposed to the Western European system
Want to see reform in government
Movement fails and Nicholas I learns to distrust the Liberal contingents within his own government

15. Liberal vs Conservative Leadership
Nicholas I
Conservative, reactionary
Liberal ideas discouraged
Bureaucracy begins to take effect and flourish despite efforts by ruling families to discourage

16. The Russian Empire
Nicholas I feared potential political challenges if a middle class developed
Kept literacy to a minimum
Bought industrial goods and paid with exports of grain and timber
Slavophiles
Opposed to westernization
Orthodox faith the bedrock of society

17. Liberal Vs Conservative Leadership
Alexander II
Returns to a more reform-minded approach
Slavophile thinking begins to emerge as a prominent cultural current
Narodniki movement
Feodor Dostoyevsky writes in this time period

18. Qing Empire
What things aren’t going well for the Qing?

19. Qing Empire Population growth and pressures
Destroys environment
Landless, homeless vagabonds
Annoyance growing with subjugated minorities
Distrust of government officials
Growing presence of European traders
Inability of the Qing officials to maintain control in parts of the empire

20. White Lotus Rebellion 1794-1804
Takes hold in parts of central China
Hatred for the Qing foreign rule grows
Predict the return of the Ming dynasty and the coming of the Buddha
Militias of some areas able to successfully defend themselves from the Qing forces and attach others
Chaos ensues

21. Opium War
British response to growing trade deficit with China was to sell Opium
Huge problem for Chinese as large portions of the population become addicted
Chinese Emperor seeks a meeting with the British to discuss stopping the importation of the drug
English Refuse
Chinese declare war

22. Opium War Chinese forces inadequate
Bannerman outdated
Most fight with swords, knives, and clubs
No navy
Old technology
Slow movement
British Marines move at will along the coast and up the Chinese Rivers

23. Treaty of Nanking Chinese forced to admit defeat
End of the Canton system
Five ports opened to European trade
Hong Kong becomes English colony
Most-favored-nation status
Granted to Britain in the following year
Any privilege granted to another country is automatically granted to the British

24. The Taiping Rebellion 1851-1864
What were some of the forces conspiring to start a civil war in China?
Unhappiness with the Qing
Inability to control territory
Foreign invasion into territory and trade

25. The Taiping Rebellion Hong Xiuquan Member of the minority group
Hakkas
Founder of the rebellion
Attempted to become a bureaucrat but failed the examinations repeatedly
Had a mental breakdown
Met protestant missionaries in Canton
Believed himself the younger brother of Jesus
Commissioned by God to drive the Manchus out of China
“Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”

26. The Taiping Rebellion Spread throughout parts of the country
Many feared the coming of the rebellion
Did not want to be forced into their army
Confucian bureaucrats feared the adoption of foreign gods and a change in the system
Settle the Kingdom of Heaven in Nanjing
City is seiged by the Qing but is well fortified and supplied
Eventual European involvement in conflict and second round of opium wars brings the Qing to the knees