1. “Outer Marker to Departure: Wireless Service Opportunities in the Terminal Area”
Tracy Trent, CEO
May 2007

2. Topics Disclaimers & terminology Vision for the connected aircraft
Maximum throughput during ground interval (extend to final approach & departure?)
Perceived technology options available today (horizon = 12 months [standardized, shippable/demonstrable])
Performance attributes
Cost impact
Efficiency & manageability
Market & standards activity impact
Observations from the field… throughput & issues
Extracting maximum performance & security… some thoughts

3. Disclaimers, Common Terminology
This presentation is NOT:
Exhaustive overview of all wireless technologies pertinent to commercial aviation (sorry, no cellular)… focus on ground-based, high-bandwidth (>20Mbps), medium range
A Thales, GateSync, or “pitch”
Some common terms (for this presentation):
Base Station/Access Point: are treated equal, transmission point
CPE, Subscriber Station, aircraft receiver: are treated equal
Service Flow vs. ”connection”: focused on SF for end-to-end performance
vs. WiMAX: electrical standard (vast options) vs. industry alliance
vs. WiFi: electrical standard vs. industry alliance
OFDM vs. OFDMA: ability to have spectrum allocated by subcarrier and/or user/device
TDMA (time) vs. FDD (freq): TDMA greater flexibility for uplink vs. downlink perf.

4. Appetite for Connectivity…
Airline Marketing
Airline Operations, SITA, ARINC, Vendors
Airline IT Networks
IFE Vendors
Airline Operations
Media (video)
Portal
Sources
Airline
Maintenance
Wireless Transport
Services
Security
Daily News/SS
Films
Other Content
PAX Manifest
FF Data
IFE Data
(Usage Stats, Survey results)
Cabin Data
(Crew Reports,
Logs)
IFE
Maint.
or Usage
Data
Live Security Camera Feed

5. Content Loading Options
…daily or monthly – from a variety of methods
SATCOM
WiMAX: wireless data network technology – via base station, or “point to point”
WiFi: an wireless data technology
GSM/G3: cell phone technology
USB memory stick: loaded on-board the aircraft
TDL: removable hard drive located on-board the aircraft
PDL: portable loader carried on-board the aircraft

6. Potential Hurdles & Issues
Environmental – difficult environments, competing networks, difficult to predict what might exist on any given gate (day, week, month…)
Regulatory – need for “global use,” issues surrounding certification, spectrum, “non-interference”
Competition for resources – limited spectrum, appetite for bandwidth, priorities change, & applications don’t peacefully coexist
Technology stability, “horizon,” & access – evolving standards, level of interoperability, access to chipsets, ability to control/manipulate
Security – very.
Predictability – yes.
Attractive “price points” – ride the consumer “cost curve”
= Adapt, beyond Design

7. Wireless Technology Differentiation Pick the right tool for the right job
MAC Protocol
Security, QOS, mobility
Distributed/contention or centralized/non-contention access
Access multiplexing (time, frequency, space, code)
PHY Protocol
Frequency band, modulation and coding type, channel width
Antenna systems supported (MIMO, beam forming, etc.)
NLOS, LOS
Connection Architecture
Point-to-Point (P2P) or multipoint (P2MP)
Mesh, multi-hop
Spectrum – type & “harmonization”
Licensed or unlicensed
Regulatory constraints
TX power limits (range), indoor vs. outdoor

8. Leveraging COTS Standards
WAN
IEEE
3GPP, EDGE (GSM)
MAN
IEEE d,e WirelessMAN
ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS
LAN
IEEE WirelessLAN
ETSI HiperLAN
ETSI HIPERMAN following 256 OFDM mode of a
PAN
IEEE Bluetooth
ETSI HiperPAN 8

9. Broadband Wireless Usage Models Outdoor, Long Range & Mobile Wireless Data
Fixed
Licensed and Unlicensed
T3, T1 & DSL level service
Portable
Licensed and Unlicensed
Consumer DSL level service
Mobile
Licensed
Wideband Data Rates
SMB access
/ Backhaul
Resid.
access
Destination
based
Nomadic
Broadband
Cellular
Wideband
802.16d/e
802.16e
802.16d
802.16d
“HotSpots”
2.5G, 3G 9

10. 802.16: Designed from Ground Up … for the Outdoor MAN (& predictability)
Higher throughput at longer ranges (up to 30 miles)
Higher spectral efficiency: 3.5 bits/second/Hz
Scalable system capacity
Easy addition of channels maximizes cell capacity
Flexible channel bandwidths support allocations in both licensed and license exempt spectrum
Coverage
Standards-based mesh support and smart antenna techniques
Adaptive modulation enables ability to tradeoff bandwidth for range (dynamically)
Quality of Service
Grant/Request MAC supports voice and video
Differentiated service levels: T1 for business; best effort for residential
Cost & Investment Risk
Interoperable equipment – allows operator to use multiple vendors – WiMAX™-Certified
Standards-based platform improves OpEx by sparking innovation across the ecosystem…

11. 802.16 and 802.11 Standards 802.11 802.16 Technical Range Coverage
Optimized for 100 meters
Add access points for greater coverage
Up to 30 miles
Typical cell size 4-6 miles
MAC tolerates greater multi-path delay spread (reflections)
Coverage
Opt. for indoor, short range
Advanced antenna systems for emerging n
NLOS performance
Standard support for advanced antenna techniques & mesh
802.16: 256 OFDM (vs. 64 OFDM); adaptive modulat.
802.16e: Up to 2048 OFDMA
Scalability
Channel bandwidth is wide (20 MHz) and fixed -> Cell planning is constrained
Channel bandwidth is flexible from 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz
Support for both lic. and lic. exempt bands -> easier cell planning (wide freq. support)
Only 3 non-overlapping .11b channels; 12 for .11a
802.16: only limited by available spectrum
Bit rate
2.7 bps/Hz peak data rate; Up to 54 Mbps in 20 MHz channel
200+ Mbps n (TBD)
3.5 bps/Hz peak data rate; Up to 70 Mbps on a 20 MHz channel (projected to be 5bps/Hz, & 1Gbps for m
802.16: MAC efficiency constant with PHY rate increase
QoS
QoS support -> e
Decentralized (contention based) and centralized (no implementations)
“Designed in” for voice/ video & differentiated services
Resource admission control and allocation
802.11: contention-based MAC (CSMA)
802.16: grant request MAC 11

12. 17 Mbps to 50 Mbps depending on link quality
Cost, Bandwidth & Range With standards-driven economies of scale, price decreases and performance will increase significantly
Range
< 4 miles
4-6 miles
> 6 miles
Basestation cost
(’07 pricing)
$5k - $20k for WISP class
$20k+ for Carrier
same
CPE price
< $300
Adaptive Modulation Scheme
64 QAM
16 QAM
½ QPSK up to 16 QAM
Data Throughput
(20 MHz channel*)
75 Mbps
50 Mbps
17 Mbps to 50 Mbps depending on link quality
# of Business Users (T1 level) 1
206
138
46 to 138
# of Residential Users (512kbps) 2
1552
1035
345 to 1035
Counts for coding, guard, oversampling rate on overhead
Assumes two 10 MHz bands in the base station as benchmark for comparison purposes
Over-subscription rate is 5x for business and 12.5x for residential. Also takes into account overhead (efficiency) which for is 85% independent of # of users. 12

13. Relative Performance and Supported Channel Bandwidths
Maximum
Data Rate*
Maximum
bps/Hz
802.11a
20 MHz
54 Mbps
~2.7 bps/Hz
10, 20 MHz;
3.5, 7, 14 MHz;
3, 6 MHz
70 Mbps**
~3.5 bps/Hz
802.16
CDMA2000
1.25 MHz
~2 Mbps
~1.6 bps/Hz
* Per Access Point, or Rx/Tx pair in a base station.
** Assuming 20 MHz channel bandwidth
*** Assuming a 5 MHz channel 13

14. WiMAX vs. Cellular Comparison
Source: WiMAX Forum, Mobile WiMAX – Part II: A Comparative Analysis, April, 2006

15. Mobility vs. Throughput
Source: Wiley 2007, IEEE 802 Wireless Systems, Bernhard H. Walke, Stefan Mangold, Lars Berlemann

16. IMT-Advanced (ITU Vision 2010)
Interconnection
IMT -
2000
Mobility
Low
High 1 10
100
1000
Peak useful data rate (Mbit/s)
Enhanced
Enhancement
Area Wireless Access
Digital Broadcast Systems
Nomadic / Local Area Access Systems
New Nomadic / Local
Systems beyond IMT-2000 will encompass the capabilities of previous systems
New capabilities of systems beyond
Dashed line indicates that the exact data rates associated with systems beyond IMT-2000 are not yet determined
New Mobile Access 16

17. Roadmaps to Convergence
Source: Wiley 2007, IEEE 802 Wireless Systems, Bernhard H. Walke, Stefan Mangold, Lars Berlemann

18. Source: WiMAX Forum

19. Wireless Performance Enablers …in the Content Delivery Mission
Channel Bandwidth
Data rate is a function of channel bandwidth and modulation spectral efficiency
19 Mbps max data rate for a 7 MHz channel is a fraction potential (20MHz)
Link margin
More efficient modulations require higher link margin
Link margin is a difference between received signal strength and channel noise and interference
Received signal strength decreases with a distance
Increased TX power will increase link margin
Content distribution algorithms
Base Station sophistication can support combination (dynamic) of broadcasting, multicasting, and peer-to-peer distribution methods
Using hybrid & fluid architectures… cached, meshed and multihop

20. Range of Connectivity Scenarios
GateSyncTM WiMAX Network
GSM
Network
70Mbps+ Media Broadcast (50 concurrent aircraft) 1
WiMAX
Broadcast &
Download
Aircraft-specific
Download or
Upload
(30-70Mbps)
Off-Airport
WiMAX
Base
Station
Carrier
GSM
Download
Airline’s
Gate-based
Wireless (option)
WiMAX
Or WiFi 2 3
WiMAX
“Crossload”
Or Mesh 3
WWB
WWB
WWB
WWB
Source: Thales GateSync, 4/07

21. 802.16 Performance Projections
A GateSync example:
7MHz channel = 17-19Mbps
@ 20MHz = 45Mbps (est.)
Base Station Cap. = 250Mbps+ (10 Ch.)
WWB Rx Pair = 40Mbps+ (2-Ch, bonded)
OFDM, 256 sub-carriers,
20 MHz bandwidth

22. 802.16 Management Features Architected to extract maximum performance
Selective use of OFDMA sub-carriers allows for better utilization of available bandwidth
Sub-carriers on links with higher margins can be assigned more efficient modulation, without penalizing the whole channel by links with lower margins
Channel width can be adapted (by selecting a number of sub-carrier) to meet a specific link data rate requirements, with no “waste” of un-required bandwidth
Selective (per group of sub-carriers) Tx power management can optimize data rate throughput, by improving performance margin on selected links
Use of advanced antenna systems (beam forming and MIMO) allows significant system performance improvements – takes advantage of spatial multiplexing
More sophisticated scheduling
Works around environmental factors

23. Enrichened Security Techniques
& share some common security techniques… but, additionally offers:
Security sublayer which provides subscribers with privacy across the broadband wireless network by:
Encrypted connections between SS and BS
Privacy that employs an authenticated client/server key management protocol
A set of supported cryptographic suites and the rules for applying those to a MAC PDU payload (specified by standard)
BS authenticates each client SS during the initial authorization exchange… only “known” SS are admitted
Each SS carries a unique X.509 digital certificate issued by the SS’s manufacturer
The digital certificate contains the SS’s Public Key and SS MAC address
Encryption techniques are further enriched by use of this unique key

24. The Right Tool… ?

25. Appendices Spectrum Allocation Chart (source: FCC)
Sampling of IEEE Working Group Initiatives

26. Unlicensed Frequencies
Source: Wiley 2007, IEEE 802 Wireless Systems
Bernhard H. Walke, Stefan Mangold, Lars Berlemann

27. Data Rates for SIMO/MIMO
For 10 MHz channel, 48 OFDM symbols
Source: WiMAX Forum, Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation, Feb 2006

28. QoS Support
Source: WiMAX Forum, Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation, Feb 2006

29. Line-of-Site from building to airport (~3 miles distance)
San Diego Test Network
Line-of-Site from building to airport (~3 miles distance)
Sector antenna(s) at
basestation
View from Antenna (primary) mount

30. Basestation Line of Sight
T2/Park
T1/Park
AirFreight 2
Park 1
Obs 1
Basestation Line of Sight
Base Station Location
(Elev: 240, Range Mi)
Lindbergh Field/San Diego, CA
Approximately 50 gates
614 Acres, 300 daily departures
Busiest “single runway” airport in U.S.
Test Points
Park 1 (.46 mi/58.8 sec)
Obs 1 (.71 mi/47.8 sec)
AF2 (1.3 mi/61.8 sec, 5.8GHz noise)
T1/Pk (1.52 mi/60.6 sec, building & trees)
T2/Pk (1.85 mi/65.5 sec, trees)
Raw Throughput/Integration Testing – DM overhead, no optimization/tuning (.11A, 5.8GHz)
BS Vantage #2

31. IEEE 802 Working Groups 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group
Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group
Broadband Wireless Access Working Group
Radio Regulatory TAG
Coexistence TAG
Media Independent Handoff Working Group
Wireless Regional Area Networks

32. Active IEEE 802.11 Task Groups
802.11k - Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs
802.11n - High Throughput
802.11p - Wireless Access in the Vehicular Environment
802.11r - Fast Roaming Fast Handoff
802.11s - Mesh Networking
802.11t - Wireless Performance Prediction
802.11u - Wireless Interworking With External Networks
802.11v - Wireless Network Management
802.11w - Protected Management Frames
802.11y MHz Operation in USA

33. IEEE MAC/PHY Improvements
IEEE a - 5GHz at 54 Mbps
IEEE b GHz at 11Mbps
IEEE g GHz at 54 Mbps
IEEE j - Operation in GHz in Japan
IEEE n - MIMO PHY
IEEE y - Operation in the GHz in US
IEEE e - QOS
IEEE h - TPC and DFS
IEEE i - Security
IEEE k - Radio Resource Measurement
IEEE n - High Throughput MAC
IEEE p Wave - Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environment
IEEE r - Fast BSS Transition (Roaming)
IEEE s - ESS Mesh Networking
IEEE u - Interworking with External Networks
IEEE v - Network Management
Higher Layers
MIMO Support
IEEE
Licensed:
WirelessMAN-SC™ 10–66 GHz TDD/FDD
WirelessMAN-SCa™ Below 11 GHz TDD/FDD
WirelessMAN-OFDM™ Below 11 GHz TDD/FDD
WirelessMAN-OFDMA Below 11 GHz TDD/FDD
License exempt::
WirelessHUMAN™ Below 11 GHz TDD
IEEE e-2005
Operation is limited to licensed bands suitable for
mobility below 6 GHz
Two-way PMP and Mesh topology
System access, bandwidth allocation, connection
establishment, and connection maintenance
QOS - Service Flow Scheduling, Dynamic Service
Establishment
Two-phase Activation Model
Authentication, secure key exchange, and encryption.
Sleep mode, handover procedures
IEEE
IEEE

34. IEEE Standards
IEEE d Fixed Access, approved in 2004
IEEE e.2005 – Mobile Access, approved in 2005
IEEE f.2005 – Management Information Base, approved in 2005
IEEE g - Management Plane Procedures and Services, 7th draft in WG Ballot
IEEE h - Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt Operation, 1st draft on 10/2006
IEEE i - Mobile Management Information Base, pre-draft
IEEE j - Mobile Multihop Relay, pre-draft
IEEE k – Bridging, 4th Draft on 11/2006
IEEE m, Advanced Air Interface (IMT-A), PAR submitted, under review