1. Ship Emission Inventories Chris Whall & Andriana Stavrakaki

2. 2 Introduction Entec's Approach Data Sources Uncertainties Enhancements

3. 3 Introduction The Scale of the Issue SO 2 NO X PM VOCs CO 2

4. 4 Introduction Ship Emissions - Entec's Involvement IMO European Commission DEFRA Norwegian Ministry CONCAWE

5. 5 Introduction Entec's Involvement - Objectives Quantification Geographical Distribution Assignment / Allocation Policy Scenarios Link to Impact Assessment

6. 6 Overall Approach Activity Based –Bottom-Up Approach Top-Down Approach –Smaller Vessels –Fishing Vessels

7. 7 Overall Approach EMEP Domain –50 x 50 km –10 x 10 km enhancement –5 x 5 km enhancement

8. 8 Overall Approach Routes In 50x50 grid cells Moves Provided by LMIU database Distance (km) Travelled by Vessels at Sea Speed (km/h) of vessel per Vessel Type or Time in Port Vessels Power of ME and AE engines (kW) Energy (kWh) Output by Vessels Emission factors (g/kWh) by Vessel Type Emissions (g) By grid cells Load Factors ME & AE engines Load factor and Operational time Effective kW Power of ME and AE engines

9. 9 Overall Approach Route Network GIS Based Methodology Routes a Combination of –Shortest Straight Line Route (Avoiding Land) –BP Marine Distance Tables & Routes

10. 10 Data Sources LMIU Movements Database Port Data Characteristics Database Emission Factors

11. 11 Data Sources Movements Database Provided by Lloyd's Marine Intelligence Unit (LMIU) –Port-based Lloyd's Agency Network –"aims to cover all merchant vessels over 100gt engaged in international trade" –46,000 Merchant Vessels, Over 6000 Ports IMO Number Vessel Type Flag Port/Place details including: –Port Name, Country, Latitude/Longitude, Arrival/Departure Port, Arrival/Departure Dates or Estimates and where available, Arrival/Departure Times or Estimates

12. 12 Data Sources Characteristics Database Provided by LMIU / Lloyds Register Fairplay (LRF) Vessel Characteristics –IMO Number –Vessel Type –Service Speed –GT / DwT –Fuel Types –Fuel Consumption Engine Characteristics –Main Engine (ME) / Auxiliary Engine (AE) –Engine Speed (RPM) –kW for Each Engine

13. 13 Data Sources Managing Incomplete Data LMIU Movements Data –Timetables – Time in port –Time of Arrival & Departure –Automatic Identification (AIS) Network (Passenger) Characteristics Data –Need as a Minimum kW ME and AE –Assumptions and Vessel Profiling to Account for Missing Data –Fuel Type –Auxiliary Engine Details Lacking

14. 14 Data Sources Emission Factors Originally Developed by IVL –Based on Monitoring Data and Literature Survey –Presented as 15 Engine Type / Fuel Type Combinations –At Sea / Manoeuvring / At Berth –NO X / SO 2 / CO 2 / HC / PM –Load factors for ME and AE operation –Updated for Policy Scenarios and Future Years

15. 15 Areas of Uncertainty Uncertainty at all Stages –Movements Resolution of Database Accuracy of Route Network –Characteristics Fuel Type, Sulphur Content & Use Engine Type (RPM) Installed Power Service Speed –Emission Factors –Load Factors –Future Growth in Movements

16. 16 Possible Refinements Movements –Improve Port Time Estimates – LMIU Database –Use of AIS Data –Enhance Accuracy of the Shipping Routes Vessel characteristics –Improvements in Data Capture for Characteristics Assumptions –Reduce the Number of Assumptions –Refine assumptions / Sensitivity analysis Emission Factors

17. 17 Conclusions Emissions from ships are significant Emission inventories inform policy Entec's approach – Bottom up –Emissions calculated by Engine Type / Engine Speed / Fuel Type and Movements data Need to recognise the inherent uncertainties of emission inventories –New Developments Lead to Reduced Uncertainty

18. 18 References European Commission Directorate General Environment - Quantification of emissions from ships associated with ship movements between ports in the European Community. Report in three parts: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/background.htm#transporthttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/background.htm#transport European Commission Directorate General Environment - Service Contract on Ship Emissions: Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instruments Task 1 - Preliminary Assignment of Ship Emissions to European Countries http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/task1_asign_report.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/task1_asign_report.pdf European Commission Directorate General Environment - Service Contract on Ship Emissions: Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instruments Task 2 - General report on abatement techniques http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/task2_general.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/task2_general.pdf IIASA - Analysis of Policy Measures to Reduce Ship Emissions in the Context of the Revision of the National Emissions Ceilings Directive http://www.iiasa.ac.at/rains/reports/IR06-107_Ships.pdf http://www.iiasa.ac.at/rains/reports/IR06-107-Ships_Appendices.pdf CONCAWE – Ship Emissions Inventory – Mediterranean Sea http://www.entecuk.com/downloads/Concawe_Final_Report_170407_v1_WEB_LOWRES.pdf

19. Ship Emission Inventories Thank you