1. SMART Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone Proposal N° ICA3-2001-1003 Fifth Management Board Meeting Grenoble - France, January 17-18, 2005 Lebanon Case Study – WP06

2. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 00: Project coordination and administration Maintained on-going communication with project partners & coordinator, as conditions required, in view of information demand, monitoring of its quality & exchange for project implementation, as well as secured all necessary organizational arrangements including compilation case study reporting, beginning application of modeling, & supplying cost statements + progress reports.

3. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 01: Requirements & Constraints Analysis Completed -Lists: issues, problems, policy-relevant information -Documenting data requirements of required methods -Help in data analysis -Help in explaining constraints & alternatives

4. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 02: Socio-economic framework and guidelines Completed -Supplied data on population, demo … -Supplied data to help analyze policies and economic options for water use -Supplied data to help analyze water demand, the urban-rural interface plus sectoral projections -Supplied data to help analyze water economics vis-à- vis water resources, water pricing & sectoral coping with change

5. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 03: Analytical tools, models Telemac modeling – The analysis is completed. The Scenarios were run & discussed with Sogreah. The Results presented in Grenoble Telemac meeting January 12-14, 2005.

6. Example from Telemac Model Application: Scenario BUSINESS AS USUAL, tracking pollution from River mouth affected by the wind stress from the sea Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: Mediterranean Sea Tripoli

7. Example from Telemac Model Application: Scenario BUSINESS AS USUAL, Water quality Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: Mediterranean Sea Tripoli

8. Example from Telemac Model Application: Scenario PESSIMISTIC, tracking pollution (different concentrations from the business as usual) from River mouth affected by the wind stress from the sea Tripoli Mediterranean Sea Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART:

9. Example from Telemac Model Application: Scenario PESSIMISTIC, water quality Tripoli Mediterranean Sea Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART:

10. Example from Telemac Model Application: Scenario OPTIMISTIC, tracking pollution (different concentrations from the business as usual) from River mouth affected by the wind stress from the sea Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: Mediterranean Sea Tripoli

11. Example from Telemac Model Application: Scenario OPTIMISTIC, water quality indicator Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: Mediterranean Sea Tripoli

12. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 03: Analytical tools, models Waterware modeling – We attended the Izmir Training Session December 8-10, 2004. Work has progressed considerably: RRM – run complete WRM – Trial runs are going on LUC – Trial runs are going on

13. RRM

16. Spatial distribution of nodes WRM Start nodes (springs) Control nodes Diversions Confluences Demand nodes Reservoir End node

17. Mediterranean Sea Subcatchment 1 Subcatchment 2 Subcatchment 3 Sow cover area What is a Start node ?? In Abou-Ali River basin, there are: Subcatchments, springs, snow melt…?? WRM We rely on visible source Springs Spring

18. WRM Typological presentation Abou-Ali River basin It is a dendritic scheme with; 30 nodes & 29 reaches Start nodes (springs)= 7 Control nodes = 4 Diversions = 7 Confluences = 5 Demand nodes = 5 Reservoir = 1 End node = 1

19. Rules Tripoli 88 IF FRACTION (Cont urban, 1)>500 THEN ( *, Cont urban) REAL_INCRE 500 IF FRACTION (Cont urban, 1)< 1 THEN ( *, Cont urban) REAL-DEC 999 IF FRACTION (Discont urban, 1)>950 THEN ( Discont urban, urban) REAL-INCRE 999 IF FRACTION (Discont urban, 1)< 1 THEN ( *, Discont urban) REAL-DEC 999 IF FRACTION (Con-Forest, 1)> 1 THEN ( *,Con- Forest) ABSOLUTE 0 IF FRACTION (Con-Forest, 1)<500 THEN ( Con-Forest, Trans-wood)REAL-DEC 999 IF FRACTION (Broad-L-F, 1)> 1 THEN ( *, Broad-L-F) ABSOLUTE 0 IF FRACTION (Irrig land, 1)> 1 THEN ( *, Irrig land) ABSOLUTE 0 IF FRACTION (Irrig land, 1)< 500 THEN ( Irrig land, Non irrig) REAL DEC 999 IF FRACTION (Broad-L-F, 1)< 990 THEN (Broad-L-F, Agro-for) REAL DEC 999 Some on-going work from the LUC Modeling

20. Rules Tripoli 94 IF FRACTION (Cont urban, 2)>950 THEN ( *, Cont urban) ABSOLUTE 0 IF FRACTION (Cont urban, 2)< 1 THEN ( *, Cont urban) REAL_DEC 900 IF FRACTION (Discont urban, 2)>500 THEN ( Discont urban, urban) ABS_INC 900 IF FRACTION (Discont urban, 2)< 1 THEN ( *, Discont urban) REAL-DEC 900 IF FRACTION (Con-Forest, 1)> 1 THEN ( *,Con- Forest) ABSOLUTE 0 IF FRACTION (Con-Forest, 1)<500 THEN ( Con-Forest, Trans-wood)REAL-DEC 900 IF FRACTION (Broad-L-F, 1)> 1 THEN ( *, Broad-L-F) ABSOLUTE 0 IF FRACTION (Irrig land, 1)> 1 THEN ( *, Irrig land) ABSOLUTE 0 IF FRACTION (Irrig land, 1)< 500 THEN ( Irrig land, Non irrig) REAL_DEC 900 IF FRACTION (Broad-L-F, 1)< 900 THEN (Broad-L-F, Trans-Wood)ABS_ DEC 900 IF FRACTION (Trans-Wood, 1)> 500 THEN (*, Trans-Wood)ABSOLUTE 0 IF FRACTION (Trans-Wood, 1)< 500 THEN (Trans-Wood, Scierph-veg)ABS_ DEC 900 IF FRACTION (Trans-Wood, 1)< 500 THEN (Trans-Wood, Burnt area)REAL_ DEC 900 Some on-going work from the LUC Modeling

21. Scenarios/Driving Forces CF Boundaries One municipality may have more than one CF Each district (CF) has attribute data extracted from the socio-economic/ environmental databases that could be used for applying into the scenarios LUC Modeling

22. Possible Changes In Urban Expansion Another indicator of possible urban change Table: Identification of a number of urban indicators that would be used in applying the requirements of the LUC Rules with different scenarios. Spatial indicators can be static or dynamic

23. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 05/07/08/09 Case Studies WP06 Lebanon Case Study

24. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study

25. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study Tripoli, the second largest city in Lebanon along the eastern Mediterranean with a population of around 400000, is the end journey of the Abou Ali river which drains about 482 km2 of watershed (Fig. 1). The city lies in a small plain at the foot of a plateau with three tributaries of Abou Ali. The plateau, and the three tributaries, grade quickly up the steep slopes into Mount Lebanon chain to heights exceeding 1500 m where their major springs occur. Thus, within a short distance one is going from humid warm to dry and temperate. This nature, with sudden changes in topography as well as climate, induces socio-economic stresses on the community, which is scattered in lots of rural settlements, related to land exploitation and resource management.

26. Water balance Input – output  Storage changes = 0 *Precipitation (including snow) *Evapotranspiration *Losses To the sea To the neighboring countries *Surface water rivers Springs Lakes and reservoirs *Groundwater (including soil ) *Human quota 678341306 25 260 45 1 64 Domestic & industrial Agricultural 39 28 11 678-(341+25+306+39)= -33 25 Groundwater storage 64-33= 31

27. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study Growing & Changing Demands There are acute shortages with a per capita demand of 220 m3. The annual water demand is 88 Mm3 which is supplied from surface and subsurface sources, with a very small amount, about 15 Mm3, is treated for re-use. The highest consumer is the agricultural sector at 65% - 70%, followed by 25%, 6%, 3%, and 1% for the domestic, industrial, touristic and environmental sectors, respectively. Although the growth of Tripoli urban families at about 2% is lower than the inland rural, about 3%, its population increased about 33% with density of 14000/km2 since the 1980’s, while its urban built-up land increased about 200% since the 1960’s. Obviously, this meant a huge increasing demand and stress on water, as well as devouring its once fertile and productive land. Already the preceding identifies linkages between the socio-economic activity and water uses.

28. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study Growing & Changing Demands Problems abound hindering the sufficient supply of water to meet growing and changing demands of the community. Several basic changes overtook the area, and are taking place that affect the linkages between socio-economics and water uses. We covered both the demographic and land use above, which leaves technological and institutional change.  Privatization  Upgrading water networks  Waste water treatment  Water prices  Increasing irrigation  Conservation  Social fabric  Institutional capacities  Code of Environment  Better/efficient water use

29. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study Growing & Changing Demands Projects: -Privatization -Waste water treatment -Solid waste management -Tourism management pricing allocation quality control

30. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study Land use/cover change The capacity for humans to change their environment and thus affect their own quality of living is of high potential. Since Land cover is related to land use, which are consumed by the community, increasing the density of population will result in a decrease in the quality and quantity of natural resources. The link of water to land cover/use comes at the top of those resources. SMART focuses on this link in a way to optimize it.

31. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study Land use/cover change Based on CORINE classification “level three”, an average of twenty eight classes were differentiated (Table 2.3.1). For easier interpretation we sum up the results in five main categories: (1) Human practices, (2) Agricultural lands, (3) Natural vegetation, (4) Bare lands, (5) Water bodies (Table 2.3.2).

33. LANDCOVERArea 1988Area 1994Area 2002% change/Area Conintinuous Urban Fabric4.84455.49877.0985+0.278% Discontinuous Urban Fabric0.831940.763140.2356+4.845% Industry and Commercial Units5.45934.24964.5002-0.118% Road and Rail Network1.58231.62001.7254+0.017% Port Areas0.41560.42440.4302+0.002% Airports0.31600.31460.3130+0.000% Mineral Extraction Sites2.98673.04894.5818+0.196% Dumpsites0.04360.0582 +0.000% Construction Sites2.65887.05265.5719+0.358% Green Urban Areas0.00630.0000 -0.000% Sport and Leisure facilities0.00000.18480.2021+0.024% Vineyards8.20824.18745.1370-0.377% Fruit trees and berry plantats90.466854.636442.2910-5.926% olive grooves173.0549145.3165102.1784-8.719% Annual Crops Ass Perm. Crops4.644934.822936.0471+3.863% Complex cultivation Pattern0.54150.26090.8538+0.038% Mixed Fruits and Annual Crops70.515577.3869125.8170+6.803% Broad Leaved forest58.068584.7191101.1264+5.297% Mixed Forest65.337822.946221.5854-5.382% Natural Grassland108.227112.190711.6503-11.88% Sclerophyllous Vegetation196.8959165.2161164.0902-4.035% Transitional woodland/shrubs16.7902107.237796.1845+9.767% Beach, dunes, and sand-plainxs0.35423.87145.6748+0.654% Bare Rock0.543535.138933.7648+4.086% Salt marches0.00001.19371.3382+0.164% Water courses0.00000.27830.2449+0.030% Water Bodies0.00000.06200.0933+0.011%

34. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study Land use/cover change

35. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis Scenarios & Driving Forces As revealed in the SMART documentation, the European framework on “DPSIR” (Driving force – Pressure – Status – Impact – Response) is used depending on indicators that reflect the forces that drive the pressures on the water system. To conform to the project requirements, the case studies had to formulate this approach classifying the driving forces indicators into 3 broad categories: population, economic development and the climate- hydrological cycle. The pressure indicators, on the otherhand, are classified into 4 main categories, all related to water: supply, demand, abstraction and pollution. These had to help define scenarios reflecting good or bad situations through identifying variables that lead to the scenarios. They have to start with the actual situation which is revealed through both “Baseline” data or status and “Business As Usual” (BAU). Then “Optimistic” and a “Pessimistic” scenarios are given in view of expert analysis of the case study.

36. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis - Scenarios & Driving Forces

37. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis - Scenarios & Driving Forces

38. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis - Scenarios & Driving Forces

39. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis - Scenarios & Driving Forces

40. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: PESSIMISTICOPTIMISTICBAUBASELINEVARIABLES/ DRIVING FORCES Partial Implementation of SDATL Full Implementation of SDATL On-Going SDATL Currently only 10% of territory falls under land use planning Land Use Change in Study Area Uncontrolled TourismDevelopment in View of Eco-Tourism Concept of Eco- Tourism Partial Implementation of 10 Years Plan Full Implementation of 10 Years Plan SDATL & 10 Years Water Plan Partial ImplementationFull ImplementationSDATL & Agricultural Agenda Partial ImplementationFull ImplementationSDATL & Industrial Upgrade Partial ImplementationFull ImplementationMaster National Plan of Sewage and Waste Management Partial ImplementationFull ImplementationSDATL WP 06: Lebanon Case Study WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis - Scenarios & Driving Forces

41. Sustainable Management of Scarce Resources in the Coastal Zone SMART: WP 06: Lebanon Case Study WP10: Comparative Policy Analysis – Scenarios & Driving Forces The preceding Scenarios (SELECTED MAJOR ONES – As Agreed) were used to test run the Telemac & Waterware Models – as shown before.

42. COUNTRY TYPE ACRONYM LEBANONPublic AuthorityCDRCouncil for Development & Reconstruction LEBANONCommercialDAR-BeirutDar Al-Handasa Consultants LEBANONPRIVATEELARDEarth Link and Advanced Resources Development LEBANONInternational Org ESCWAEconomic – Social Commission for Western Asia LEBANONNGOEPCEnvironment Protection Committee (Environment NGO) LEBANONGovernmentalEnvironmental Observatory of the Union of Municipalities of the North - GIS Center LEBANONEducationMCLMEDCOASTLAND net LEBANONEducationMAPMediterranean Action Plan LEBANONEducationMERSI webMediterranean Environment Remotely- Sensed Information Web Initiative WP 06: Lebanon Case Study WP11: Dissemination & Exploitation – Stakeholders upgrading

43. Thank you …