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Introduction in Linguistics Tongji University November 11 2013 Marjoleine Sloos
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What to learn? Language typology Language universals Syntactic typology Phonological typology Dialect typology
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Contents Language typology Language Universals Syntactic typology: Word order Phonological typology: Segmental inventory Dialect typology Chinese dialects: dialect tree Predictions Segmental inventory Syllable structure Tonal inventory Syntactic differences
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The comparison of structural patterns between languages and language varieties. What Is Language Typology?
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Word order Which languages do you know? What is the word-order in terms of SVO?
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Word order EnglishAnnie drinks teaSVOSVO ChineseAnna he chaSVOSVO FrenchAnne bois téSVOSVO DutchAnne drinkt theeSVOSVO GermanAnne trinkt TeeSVOSVO JapaneseAnna ga cha o nomuSOVSOV
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Word order EnglishAnnie drinks Chinese teaANAN ChineseAnna he zhong shi chaANAN FrenchAnne bois té ChinoiseNANA DutchAnne drinkt Chinese theeANAN GermanAnne trinkt chinesischen Tee ANAN JapaneseAnna ga chugoku cha o nomu ANAN
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Language Universals Joseph Greenberg (1915-2001) supposed there are a number of universals in languages Basic order SVO? AN? Others are derived from that? Or: language samples investigated are biased? Large database: http://wals.info/
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Universal implications If a language has X, it also has Y E.g. If a language has X, it also has Y "If a language has primarily an SOV order and the genitive follows the noun, then the adjective also follows the noun” “If a language has gender specification, it must have number specification”
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Phonological Typology Segmental inventory Consonants Vowels Tonal inventory Number of tones Tonal contours Syllable construction C1V C1VC2 C1GV C1GVC2 Possible restrictions on C1 or C2 Co-occurrence restrictions
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Anhui dialectShaanxi dialectShanghai dialect Mandarin Shanghai dialectFujian Dialect Zhejiang dialect Henan dialect
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Chinese dialects Anhui ShaanxiMandarin Henan ZhejiangWu Shanghai FujianMin
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Consonant Chart IPA
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Vowel chart IPA
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Chinese dialects: Consonant inventory Anhui Shaanxi Henan Zhejiang Shanghai Fujian
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Chinese dialects: Vowel inventory Anhui Shaanxi Henan Zhejiang Shanghai Fujian
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Chinese dialects: Typology of tone Anhui Shaanxi Henan Zhejiang Shanghai Fujian
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Chinese dialects: Syllable construction Anhui Shaanxi Henan Zhejiang Shanghai Fujian
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Typological analysis Segmental inventory Mandarin Wu Min Between
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Typological analysis Segmental inventory Mandarin Wu Min Between
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Typological analysis Tonal Mandarin Wu Min Between
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Typological analysis Syllable Structure Mandarin Wu Min Between
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What did we learn? How to analyse languages and dialects typologically Main topics in typology Syntax: Word order Morphology: Reduplication Phonology: Segmental inventory, tone, syllable structure
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Assignment As a group: finish the typology of the Chinese dialects Compare the different dialect groups (Mandarin, Wu, Min) with each other; are the differences smaller/larger than within the Wu and Mandarin groups? Is the difference between Mandarin and Min larger than between Mandarin and Wu/Min and Wu? In which respects (not)? Is Wu in between Mandarin and Min? In which respects (not)? Is there a relation between geographical distance and typological difference?
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Assignment As a group: finish the typology of the Chinese dialects Write a paper in which For each dialects you describe the sound inventory, tonal inventory, syllable structure You describe the typological differences between the dialects and the dialect groups You speculate about the relation between geographical distance and typological difference
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Next week Language acquisition
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