1. 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipid Notes
IB Biology HL 1
Mrs. Peters
Fall 2014

2. U1. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates
simple sugars
General formula (CH2O)n
Major nutrients for cells

3. U1. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides:
Linked using condensation reaction to disaccharides and polysaccharides
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose C6H12O6

4. U1. Monosaccharides
Glucose: energy source carried by the blood to cells
Galactose: used to make milk

5. U1. Monosaccharides
Fructose: used to make fruit sweet tasting and attractive to animals

6. U1. Disaccharides Disaccharides:
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond between monosaccharides using condensation)
Ex: sucrose; maltose; lactose

7. U1. Disaccharides
Sucrose: glucose + fructose; carried by phloem to transport energy to cells in plants

8. U1. Disaccharides Maltose: 2 glucose; used in creating starch
Lactose: glucose + galactose; the sugar in milk; source of energy

9. U1. Polysacchrides
Polysaccharides: storage and structural macromolecules made from a 40- over 1000 monosaccharides using the condensation reaction
Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

10. U1.Polysaccharides Storage Polysaccharides
Starch: found in plants, polymer made of long chains glucose molecules that coil into a helical shape, used for energy, compact shape and insoluble

11. U1. Polysaccharides Storage Polysaccharides
**Glycogen: found in animals, a highly branched polymer of glucose (short term energy storage in liver and muscle cells), insoluble

12. U1. Polysaccharides Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose: used to make strong fibers; major components on plant cell walls, long straight chains of glucose
Bioweb.wku.edu

13. U2. Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid: a long hydrocarbon “tail” with a carboxyl group at the head end

14. U2. Fatty Acids Fatty Acid Types:
Saturated: have no double bonds in the carbon chains
Unsaturated: have double bonds in carbon chains

15. U2. Fatty Acids Fatty Acid Types:
Monounsaturated: have one double bond in carbon chains
Polyunsaturated: have more than one double bond in carbon chains

16. U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:
cis-fatty acids: the hydrogen atoms bonded to the two carbons of the double bond are on the same side

17. U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:
cis-fatty acids:
Have a bend in the carbon chain
Usually liquid at room temp – oils
Have a lower melting point

18. U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:
trans-fatty acids: the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbons in the double bond are on the opposite sides.

19. U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:
trans-fatty acids:
Do not have a bend in the carbon chain
Solid at room temperature – usually artificially produced – margarine and partially hydrogenated

20. U4. Triglycerides Triglyceride:
Examples: fat in adipose tissue, oil in sunflower seeds

21. U4. Triglycerides
Triglyceride: Consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol by condensation reactions
Used as energy stores, used during aerobic cell respiration
Examples: fat in adipose tissue, oil in sunflower seeds

22. Types of Lipids Phospholipids: major components of cell membranes
Hydrophilic head
Two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
Draw and label a phospholipid

23. Carbohydrates vs. Lipids
Twice as much energy per gram than carbs, but harder to break down (slow process)
Non-polar, insoluble
Long term energy storage
Lipid storage is lighter for same amount of carbs;
stored as fat in animals
Used for insulation and buoyancy in animals
Carbohydrates
Easily digested, energy is released more rapidly
Soluble in water, easy to transport
Short term energy storage
Stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants

24. Time to Build!!
Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of carbohydrates.

25. Time to build!!
Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of lipids.

26. Role of Condensation and Hydrolysis
Describe how condensation