1. Introduction Atoms: the smallest units of matter that can not be broken down further. There are 94 different types of atoms, from 94 elements. Examples: carbon (C) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N)hydrogen (H) copper (Cu) Molecules: a combination of atoms, usually of different types. There are an infinite number of different molecules.

2. Chemistry deals with the combination of atoms to form molecules. Organic chemistry deals with molecules containing carbon atoms. Carbon can form 4 stable bonds with other atoms. ▬ C ▬

3. Macromolecules (large organic molecules) Carbohydrates = sugars = saccharides Lipids = fats Proteins nucleic acids  Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are formed from smaller subunits, which are monomers. The combinations are polymers.  Polymers in which the order of monomers provides information: proteins and nucleic acids.

4. Carbohydrate monomers = Monosaccharides = simple sugars 5 or 6 carbon atoms. Also contain hydrogen and oxygen. Examples: glucose, fructose, ribose

5. Oligosaccharides: short chain of monomers

6. Polysaccharides: many sugar monomers Starch: plant sugar formed from many glucose monomers, for energy storage Cellulose: plant sugar formed from many glucose monomers, makes the cell wall Glycogen: animal sugar formed from many glucose monomers, for energy storage Chitin: animal sugar, which build the external skeleton of crabs, insects, ticks, etc.

7. Polysaccharides:

8. FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES: transportable energy energy storage structural material

10. Cu +2 (blue) + sugar  Cu +1 2Cu +1 + H 2 O  Cu 2 O (precipitate) Note: Cu = copper Benedict’s reaction

11. PROTEINS: Polymers of amino acids (monomers) 20 different amino acids All have an amino group and an acid group

12. Structure of proteins Amino acids join one after the other by PEPTIDE BONDS

13. Primary structure

14. Secondary structure Polypeptide chain coils or twists because of noncovalent interactions between amino acids

16. Types of proteins and their function Materials for spider web, feathers, bones, hair, muscles, eggs, plant seeds Enzymes-speed reactions Antibodies- defend against pathogens

17. LIPIDS Includes fats, oils, cholesterol. do not dissolve much in water.

18. Most lipids have 2 types of subunits 1.Fatty acids 2.Glycerol or a related molecules Lipid subunits do not form long polymer chains as in proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids

19. Structural Formula of a Fatty Acid (saturated)

20. Unsaturated Fatty Acid

21. Functions of lipids: Main component of cell membranes Source of energy Insulation Padding Protect surfaces: hair and skin, bird feathers, plant surfaces

22. Lipids as parts of cell membranes Hydrophobic part Hydrophilic part

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The plasma membrane. [Just know the basic structure of lipids in the membrane]

24. pH test for lipids Triglycerides are lipids which are neutral with regard to pH (a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration) because their fatty acids are bound to other molecules. When triglycerides is broken down, fatty acids are released which then release hydrogen ion concentration, causing a lower pH. Pancreatin contains an enzyme that breaks triglyceride molecule.

25. Nucleic Acids Ribose or deoxyribose phosphate nucleotide

26. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Sugar is deoxiribose 4 types of bases A-adenine G-guanine T-thymine C-cytosine 2 nucleotide chains are twisted together in a double helix The bases fit together in specific ways A-T G-C

27. Double Helix of DNA

28. DNA [Just know the basic structure]