1. Social networks in transnational and virtual communities Nathan Vivian Fay Sudweeks School of Information Technology Murdoch University, Perth, Australia n.vivian@murdoch.edu.au sudweeks@murdoch.edu.au

2. Question Why do some communities survive and some disintegrate? Why do some communities survive and some disintegrate? or more importantly … How are today’s communities created and maintained? How are today’s communities created and maintained?

3. Social Networks Social networks can explain how communities are created and maintained. Social networks can explain how communities are created and maintained. Individuals create interpersonal bonds with others within their social network that are interwoven with the social institutions of their society. Individuals create interpersonal bonds with others within their social network that are interwoven with the social institutions of their society. These interwoven patterns and matrices can facilitate the success or failure of societies and organisations that depend on these networks. These interwoven patterns and matrices can facilitate the success or failure of societies and organisations that depend on these networks.

4. Social Networks Social ties are not fixed. Networks are constantly being socially constructed and altered by their members. Social ties are not fixed. Networks are constantly being socially constructed and altered by their members. Interpersonal relations within social networks cut across traditional boundaries such as neighbourhood, workplace, kinship and class. Interpersonal relations within social networks cut across traditional boundaries such as neighbourhood, workplace, kinship and class.

5. Social Networks Sociologist in the 1950s anticipated disconnectedness, loss of community and weakly supportive relationships due to “rapid modernisation”. Sociologist in the 1950s anticipated disconnectedness, loss of community and weakly supportive relationships due to “rapid modernisation”. Yet the realisation of the Internet and modern technologies have provided for community creation well beyond expectation. Yet the realisation of the Internet and modern technologies have provided for community creation well beyond expectation.

6. Social Networks How have social networks facilitated communities? How have social networks facilitated communities? A proposed framework helps to explain how social networks facilitate the creation and maintenance of communities regardless of size and communication medium. A proposed framework helps to explain how social networks facilitate the creation and maintenance of communities regardless of size and communication medium. In particular we look at transnational communities and virtual communities. In particular we look at transnational communities and virtual communities.

7. Transnational Communities “Migration is a process that both depends on and creates social networks” (Portes, 1995) “Migration is a process that both depends on and creates social networks” (Portes, 1995)  Transnational communities are characterised by perpetual back and forth border crossing movements among migrants.  Communities whose mobility is celebrated as being “neither here nor there” (Portes)  Communities whose mobility is a drama of displacement, destitution, and ultimate homelessness (Torres-Saillant)

8. Virtual Communities “The online social network provided a venue for storytelling, showcasing, projects and best practices that could be leveraged to create new knowledge resources” (Kimball & Rheingold, 2000)“The online social network provided a venue for storytelling, showcasing, projects and best practices that could be leveraged to create new knowledge resources” (Kimball & Rheingold, 2000) People who are geographically separated or “on the road” need a way of maintaining contact, whether they are part of a large community or an organisational project team.People who are geographically separated or “on the road” need a way of maintaining contact, whether they are part of a large community or an organisational project team. Virtual settlements.Virtual settlements.

9. Relationships Groups/Teams Basic Connections Key Members Social Spaces Social Formation Identity/ Belonging Social Structures Social Capital

10. Social Spaces Social spaces are: Social spaces are:  place-centered (embedded in particular location)  trans-territorial (geographically disparate but intensely connected) and social spaces: and social spaces:  are where individuals first meet and develop contacts  provide the initial medium to form and maintain basic connections which enable individuals to create relationships  create the identity or belongingness of the community (e.g. campus, shopping mall, town squares).

11. Relationships Groups/Teams Provides the initial medium and maintains … Encourages the notion of belonging, especially in respect to a community Can enable individuals to create … Meeting areas of common interest provide for … Members often have a feeling of belonging and therefore come back Communicate through the common medium Form/Change Strengthens Assist in forming strong bonds with members of the community Embedded community members affect … Effect of relational embeddedness Embedded community members mobilise … A direct and sometimes transparent relationship Key members often control and utilise different forms of communication to maintain their networks, hence social capital Basic Connections Key Members Social Spaces Social Formation Identity/ Belonging Social Structures Social Capital Social spaces and places are new areas where people can meet, communicate with others and assimilate, providing the initial medium to form and maintain basic connections, which in turn enable individuals to create relationships.

12. Social Formation Relationships exist between individuals or between groups which are mostly dynamic but strengthen a sense of identity and belonging in groups and teams. Relationships exist between individuals or between groups which are mostly dynamic but strengthen a sense of identity and belonging in groups and teams.  Notion of community consciousness These groups are often in different social arenas, but are identifiable in any community. These groups are often in different social arenas, but are identifiable in any community. The key members of these groups are those who are stakeholders within their community. The key members of these groups are those who are stakeholders within their community.

13. Social Formation Key members use communication and social spaces to maintain their networks. Key members use communication and social spaces to maintain their networks. Community members are embedded in the community in two ways: Community members are embedded in the community in two ways:  how they relate personally to each other (relational embeddedness)  how social relationships affect social structures (structural embeddedness)

14. Key members often control and utilise different forms of communications to maintain their networks, hence social capital Relationships Groups/Teams Provides the initial medium and maintains … Encourages the notion of belonging, especially in respect to a community Can enable individuals to create … Meeting areas of common interest provide for … Members often have a feeling of belonging and therefore come back Communicate through the common medium Form/Change Strengthens Assist in forming strong bonds with members of the community Embedded community members affect … Effect of relational embeddedness Embedded community members mobilise … A direct and sometimes transparent relationship Basic Connections Key Members Social Spaces Social Formation Identity/ Belonging Social Structures Social Capital Social formation and social structures are dependent on the relationships of the community members.

15. Social Capital Social capital is defined as a player’s level of cooperativeness within a social network. Social capital is defined as a player’s level of cooperativeness within a social network.  A social network is a set of players and a pattern of exchange of information and/or goods among these players. Social capital is developed and maintained over time through regular communication, participation in events and membership of associations. Social capital is developed and maintained over time through regular communication, participation in events and membership of associations. Participation alone is not capital building – reciprocation is required. Participation alone is not capital building – reciprocation is required.

16. Key members often control and utilise different forms of communication to maintain their networks, hence social capital Relationships Groups/Teams Provides the initial medium and maintains … Encourages the notion of belonging, especially in respect to a community Can enable individuals to create … Meeting areas of common interest provide for … Members often have a feeling of belonging and therefore come back Communicate through the common medium Form/Change Strengthens Assist in forming strong bonds with members of the community Embedded community members affect … Effect of relational embeddedness Embedded community members mobilise … A direct and sometimes transparent relationship Basic Connections Key Members Social Spaces Social Formation Identity/ Belonging Social Structures Social Capital The resources of any player is not the social capital, rather it is the individual’s ability to mobilise that capital on demand.

17. Relationships Groups/Teams Provides the initial medium and maintains Encourages the notion of belonging, especially in respect to a community Can enable individuals to create Meeting areas of common interest provide for Members often have a feeling of belonging and therefore come back Communicate through the common medium Form/Change Strengthens Assist in forming strong bonds with members of the community Embedded community members affect Effect of relational embeddedness Embedded community members mobilise A direct and sometimes transparent relationship Key members often control and utilise different forms of communications to maintain their networks, hence social capital Basic Connections Key Members Social Spaces Social Formation Identity/ Belonging Social Structures Social Capital

18. Transnational Communities Not only individual people migrate, but their social networks migrate also. Not only individual people migrate, but their social networks migrate also.  Social networks are crucial for finding jobs, accommodation, psychological support, social and economic information.  Migration is a process of network building, which reinforces social relationships across space.

19. Virtual Communities Virtual community members bring offline values and interactions in their online communities. Virtual community members bring offline values and interactions in their online communities.  Many believe that virtual communities are sociologically the same as their “brick and mortar” counterparts.

20. Conclusions Social networks do not depend on one relationship or on any particular social space in which people meet. Social networks do not depend on one relationship or on any particular social space in which people meet. Social networks depend on the process of creating relationships, embedding oneself into the social structure – whether the structure be trans- territorial or virtually co-located – and the ability to mobilise social capital. Social networks depend on the process of creating relationships, embedding oneself into the social structure – whether the structure be trans- territorial or virtually co-located – and the ability to mobilise social capital.

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