2. Nucleotides -complex of 5c sugar, phosphate group, N-base Functions: some act as indiv molecules Ex. ATP- the cell’s energy currency Intro to Nucleic Acids

3. Molecular Structure of a DNA Nucleotide Other nucleotides serve as monomers of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

4. DNA nitrogenous bases RNA nitrogenous bases Purines (2 rings) Adenine Guanine Pyrimidines (1 ring) Cytosine Thymine Purines (2 rings) Adenine Guanine Pyrimidines (1 ring) Cytosine Uracil

5. _____ are polymers of nucleotides that transmit or store the hereditary information of the cell.

6. Base Pair Rules What holds the strands together?

7. There are two nucleic acids: DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA or Ribonucleic Acid Chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell Double stranded molecule Shaped like a spiral staircase, Double Helix Dictates the primary structure of proteins Replicated from DNA Single stranded molecule Involved in protein synthesis in our cells May be found in nucleus or cytoplasm

9. Which group of large, hydrophobic biological molecules are not macromolecules? Functions: energy-storage, waterproofing, make up the bulk of cell membranes, and hormones

10. Categories of Lipids - Fats (and Oils) Fats are composed of 2 things: 1. Fatty acids- long chains of H and C with a COOH group 2. Glycerol backbone- 3C alcohol

11. Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids *The types of fatty acids a fat contains will dictate its characteristics.

12. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty acids Saturated fatty acids: the hydrocarbon “tail” holds as many H atoms as possible, it consists of all single bonds. Ex. bacon grease and butter Unsaturated fatty acids: the hydrocarbon “tail” does not hold as many H atoms as possible, it contains at least 1 double bond. Ex. Olive oil and canola oil

13. 2. Glycerol backbone- 3C alcohol -3 fatty acids attach to it to form a fat Triglyceride

14. Fat Free????? Olestra is described as a huge lipid with 5 fatty acid tails.

15. Phospholipids -Glycerol backbone, 2 tails, and PO 4 head -Head, hydrophilic and Tails, hydrophobic -Therefore they are Amphipathic

16. Phospholipids make up Cell Membranes

17. Waxes- long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol chains or C rings. -Function: protection and prevents water loss

18. Steroids are lipids with 4 carbon rings

19. Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Light reception, Epithelial maintenance Vitamin D Increases Ca absorption, Promotes bone growth Vitamin E Prevents cellular damage, Antioxidant Vitamin K Important in blood clotting