1. Biochemistry
Chapter 3

2. Water Review
Biochemistry
3-1 Carbon Compounds
3-2 Molecules of Life

3. Water Polarity Hydrogen Bonding Cohesion= same High Specific Heat
Adhesion= different
Universal Solvent
Capillarity

4. 3.1 Carbon Compounds Organic v. Inorganic Carbon (C) Bonding
4 covalent bonds!!
Arrangements: chain, branched chain, ring
Single, double, triple bonds

5. Other Forms Carbon Takes

6. Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group (-OH) Alcohol Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic
Alcohol
Carboxyl Group
(-COOH)
Acetic Acid
Amino Group
(-NH2)
Phosphate
(-PO4)

7. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers: building blocks
Polymers: 2 or more monomers covalently bonded
Macromolecules: Large polymers,
aka biomolecules
4. Carbohydrates: sugars & starches
Lipids: fats, oils, waxes
Proteins: enzymes
Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA

8. Biochemical Reactions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPV5J6cETuU
Condensation Reaction- anabolic
AKA Dehydration Synthesis
Monomer + monomer  Polymer + H2O
Monosaccharides polysaccharides
Glycerol + Fatty Acids Lipids
Amino acids proteins
Nucleotides nucleic acids

9. Condensation Reaction, aka Dehydration Synthesis
ANABOLIC
2 Monomers Bonded=
Polymer
Remove H2O

10. Biochemical Reactions
Hydrolysis- CATABOLIC
Polymer + H2O  monomer + monomer
Polysaccharides monosaccharides
Separate polymer into:
2 monomers
Add H2O

11. ATP (Energy Currency) Adenosine Triphosphate= ATP
Compound with energy body can USE
3 Phosphate groups attached
3rd PO4 bond=STORE MOST ENERGY
3 Phosphate Groups
Endergonic vs.Exergonic
Energy Storing
Energy Releasing
AMP + P  ADP
ATP  ADP + P
ADP + P  ATP
ADP  AMP + P

12. ATP In More Detail

13. 3.2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

14. Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1)= (CH2O)n
Monomer= monosaccharide
Polymer= polysaccharide
Functional Groups:
Hydroxyl (-OH)
Types:
Monosaccharide= Glucose, Fructose, Galactose= isomers
Disaccharide= sucrose, maltose, lactose
Polysaccharide= starch, cellulose, glycogen
Functions:
Easily accessible energy source (glucose)
Provides rigidity in plants (cellulose)

15. Monosaccharides: Isomers
C6H12O6: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

16. Who Makes What? Glucose and glucose make maltose
Glucose and fructose make sucrose
Glucose and galactose make lactose
All disaccharides

17. A really big carb…
Cellulose

18. Glycogen
Another…
Starch

19. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N
Monomers= Amino Acid (aa)- 20 total in body
Polymers= Dipeptide, Polypeptide, Protein
Structures: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°
Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH)
Amino (-NH2)
R-Group (group that changes & determines aa)
Types: muscles, hair and enzymes
Substrate: Lock & Key, Induced Fit
Factors affecting enzyme function: [ ], temp & pH
Functions:
Catalyzes reactions (enzymes)
Structure
Transportation in/out of cell through channels

20. R Group
Carboxyl
Amino Acid
(Glycine)
Amino
Amino Acid
(Alanine)

23. Polypeptides form when three or more amino acids are joined
Highly twisted and bent due to H-bonding
Structure is related to function!!!

25. Enzymes are affected by
Temperature:
– As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases up to an optimum. Then it decreases or stops. In humans, its 37° C.
The active sites are denatured (altered)
pH:
Most enzymes work best at 6 to 8. Pepsin in stomach works best at 2
Concentration:
– As the [ ] of enzymes increases, the rate of activity increases. As the [ ] of the substrate increases, rate of reaction decreases

26. Lipids Elements: C, H, O (NOT 1:2:1) Monomers= Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Polymers= triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
Functional Groups: Carboxyl (-COOH), sometimes phosphate (-PO4)
Types: Saturated & Unsaturated Triglycerides (TG) , Phospholipids (PL), Waxes, Steroids
Functions:
Stores 2x amount of energy as carbo’s: long term
Forms barrier in cell membrane (PL)
Waterproof coating on plants (waxes)
Hormones & Cholesterol (steroids)
Insulation

27. The Monomers of Lipids Fatty Acid Glycerol
Hydroxyl groups
Hydrocarbon chain
Carboxyl group
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
-COOH group of each Fatty acid is polar. It is attracted to water – Hydrophilic
The hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid is Hydrophobic – being repelled by water.

28. Lipids: Triglycerides
Saturated v. Unsaturated
Fatty Acids
1Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids 1Trigyceride

29. Phospholipid Bilayer Of Cell Membrane

30. Steroid: Cholesterol Waxes 1 Fatty acid chain and a long alcohol chain
Waterproofing, protective cuticle on outside of plants, earwax
4 fused carbon rings with functional group attached
Animal Hormones, testosterone,
estrogen, cholesterol (needed for normal nerve cell functioning)

31. Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N, P Monomers= Nucleotide
5-C Sugar, Phosphate group, Nitrogen Base
Polymers= DNA, RNA: deoxyribose vs. ribose
Functional Group:
Phosphate group (-PO4)
Types: DNA (in nucleus), RNA
Functions:
Genetic Information (DNA)
Controls cells’ activities (DNA)
Stores & transfers info for protein synthesis (RNA)

32. Nucleotide & DNA