1. States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas

2. Questions What are the 3 states of matter?
Write a definition for each state?

3. Everything in the universe is either MATTER or ENERGY.
Matter is any thing that has mass and takes up space. All Matter is composed of one or more of over 100 elements in the periodic table.
Elements are made of atoms
Atoms are made of protons (+)
electron (-)
neutrons

4. Properties used to describe Matter
Density
Color
Boiling Point
Solubility
Melting Point
Texture
Mass
Flexibility
Hardness
Information about matter can be found in the Merck Index (the chemistry Bible)

5. Energy
Energy: Energy can be built up (potential energy) or converted into motion (kinetic energy).
Energy has several forms, and are mostly made up from the Electromagnetic Spectrum.
Mechanical Energy Electrical energy Sound
Heat / thermal energy Light Radiation Magnetism
Chemical Nuclear

6. Defining States of Matter
States of matter are NOT defined by what they are made of.
Example: solids can be elements (gold), compounds (Salt = NaCl), or mixtures (butter)
States of matter ARE defined by whether they hold SHAPE and VOLUME
Element (Au)
Compound (NaCl)
Mixture (Milk, Salt, etc)

7. Solids
Solids – have a definite SHAPE and VOLUME. Solids keep their same shape and volume.
Element (Au)
Compound (NaCl)
Mixture (Milk, Salt, etc)

8. Particle View of a Solid
Position of Molecules show: Particles in a solid are PACKED CLOSELY together and they are in a FIXED POSITION.
Molecular motion shows some energy as the molecules vibrate
This fixed, closely packed arrangement causes a solid to have a definite shape and volume
Particles vibrate in place

9. Liquids
Liquids – has definite VOLUME but no defined SHAPE. Liquid conforms to whatever container they are placed in.
100 ml

10. Particle View of a Liquid
Position of Molecules : Packed CLOSELY (like a solid), but move FREELY around each other (must stay in contact).
Molecular motion shows some more energy as the molecules glide past one another
Because liquid particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape. However, it does have a definite volume.

11. Gases
Gases - do NOT have definite SHAPE or VOLUME. Gas will take the shape of whatever container it is placed.
Bromine gas fills up the entire volume of the container

12. Particle view of a Gas
Position of Molecules : Particles can MOVE FREELY and will either fill up or squeeze into available space.
Molecular motion: molecules move fast and collide into each other, more energy

13. Questions 1) Which Statement is True?
A) Liquids have a definite shape and volume
B) States of matter are defined by the substances they are made up of
C) Gases have a definite shape and volume
D) Solids have a definite shape and volume

14. Task Draw a diagram of A) Gas particles B) Liquid particles
C) Solid particles

15. The Kinetic Molecular Theory:. Particles are in constant motion
The Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particles are in constant motion. In solids the particles are close together and have limited motion. In a liquid some of the attraction between particles is overcome which allows the particles more freedom of movement. In a gas particles attraction between particles is minimized and the particles move freely throughout the container

16. Changes in States of Matter
Thermal Energy – heat energy.
More thermal energy = More particle movement

17. Changing States
Changing States of Matter is a Physical Change because you can always return to a previous state.
A change in ENERGY is what changes one state to another state.
Increase Thermal Energy (Heat up)
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Decrease Thermal Energy (Cool off)

18. Phase Changes

19. Melting point Melting - change from solid to liquid
Melting point - SPECIFIC temperature when melting occurs.
Each pure substance has a SPECIFIC melting point.
Examples:
M.P. of Water = 0°C (32°F)
M.P. of Nitrogen = °C ( °F)
M.P. of Silver = °C ( °F)
M.P. of Carbon = °C ( °F)

20. Melting Point
Particles of a solid vibrate so fast that they break free from their fixed positions.
Increasing Thermal Energy
Solid
Liquid
Melting point

21. Vaporization Vaporization – change from liquid to gas
Vaporization happens when particles in a liquid gain enough energy to form a gas.
Increasing Thermal Energy
Gas
Liquid
Boiling point

22. Two Kinds of Vaporization
Evaporation – vaporization that takes place only on the surface of the liquid
Boiling – when a liquid changes to a gas BELOW its surface as well as above.

23. Boiling Point Boiling Point – temperature at which a liquid boils
Each pure substance has a SPECIFIC boiling point.
Examples:
B.P. of Water = 100°C (212°F)
B.P. of Nitrogen = °C ( °F)
B.P. of Silver = 2162 °C (3924 °F)
B.P. of Carbon = 4027 °C (7281 °F)

24. Boiling Point and Melting Point

25. Solubility
Maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a liquid (at a specific temperature).
Anything past the maximum, is called a saturated or even supersaturated solution, where you can see the solids in the liquid.
Salt (NaCl)
Water (H20)
at 20°C

26. Solubility Solute – substance being dissolved
Solvent – liquid substance that solute is dissolved into
Solution- a homogeneous (thoroughly mixed) mixture composed of only one phase (sugar water)
Mixture- Mixtures are things that are composed of two or more substances. Can be homogeneous like brass alloy (copper, lead, zinc, tin) or heterogeneous (not uniform- like mixed salt and pepper or sand)

27. Solubility Salt Water Solute – ?????? Solvent – ????? Water (H20)
Salt (NaCl)
Water (H20)
at 20°C

28. Solubility can change Increased Temp = Increased Solubility
Different substances have different solubility curves