1. Chapter 3: Demand & Supply Demand Supply Market Equilibrium Examples Price ceiling/floor

2. Build a model buyers sellers & their interaction

3. Use the model to predict the impact of changes to explain changes that occur

4. Demand behavior of buyers relationship between quantity demanded of a good price holding other factors constant

5. quantity demanded (Qd) amount of good or service unit of measure per unit of time “2 bottles of water per day”

6. Law of Demand If the price of a good then the Qd holding other things constant!!!

7. Why? higher price makes you feel poorer income effect higher price on one good, substitute other goods. substitution effect

8. Example: bottles of water per day Describe demand in 2 ways: Demand schedule a list of Qd at each price Demand curve a graph of demand schedule

9. Demand Schedule PQd Price = $/bottle Qd = bottles/day $2.000 $1.501 $1.002 $.503 0 1 2 3 4 P Qd 2 1.5 1.5

10. Demand curve P Qd 0 1 2 3 4 2 1.5 1.5 D

11. individual demand demand curve for 1 buyer market demand** demand curve for all buyers add up individual Qd for each price

12. Changes in Demand recall our assumption hold other things constant allow only price to change but what if other factors do change? change in demand shift to a new demand curve

13. increase in demand increase in Qd at every price demand curve shifts to the right

14. P Qd 0 1 2 3 4 2 1.5 1.5 D D’

15. decrease in demand decrease in Qd at every price demand curve shifts to the left

16. P Qd D D’’

17. Factors affecting demand income prices of related goods buyer expectations # of buyers preferences

18. income for normal goods, an increase in income will increase demand examples: CDs, bottled water, eating out,

19. for inferior goods, an increase in income will decrease the demand examples: ramen noodles, check-cashing service

20. Prices of related goods what are related goods? substitutes e.g. Snapple, Coke complements goods consumed with water e.g. pretzels

21. substitutes if price of Snapple rises, people switch to water increase in demand for water if price of Snapple falls, people switch from water to Snapple decrease in demand for water

22. complements if price of pretzels rises eat fewer pretzels, so drink less water, demand for water falls

23. buyer expectations buyers can expect change in future income future prices and act to change demand today

24. expect price of water to rise next month, buy a case today, increase demand today

25. # of buyers size of population demographics age gender race

26. if there are more buyers increase market demand for water could be due to more people overall more people who like water

27. preferences what do we want to buy? change in our likes/dislikes acid washed jeans? tattoos? change in technology 5 1/4” floppies? DVDs?

28. if drinking more water beneficial to health, increase in demand for bottled water

29. Important!! Change in demand -- occurs when other factors change -- shift to a new demand curve change in demand NOT caused by change in price of the good

30. Change in quantity demanded -- occurs when prices change -- movement along existing demand curve

31. Change in Qd P Qd D

32. Change in Demand P Qd DD

33. Supply behavior of sellers relationship between quantity supplied of a good price holding other factors constant

34. Law of Supply If the price of a good then the Qs holding other things constant!!!

35. Why? Holding costs constant higher price means higher profit margin

36. Supply Schedule PQs Price = $/bottle Qs = bottles/day $2.003 $1.502 $1.001 $.500 0 1 2 3 4 P Qs 2 1.5 1.5

37. S Supply curve P Qs 0 1 2 3 4 2 1.5 1.5

38. Individual supply supply curve for 1 supply market supply** supply curve for all sellers add up individual Qs for each price

39. Changes in Supply if other factors do change, change in supply shift to a new supply curve

40. increase in supply increase in Qs at every price supply curve shifts to the right

41. P Qs S S’

42. decrease in supply decrease in Qs at every price supply curve shifts to the left

43. P Qs S S’’

44. Factors affecting supply Cost of inputs prices of related goods seller expectations # of seller productivity

45. Cost of inputs As input prices get higher, supply decreases example: increase in cost of bottles labor electricity

46. Prices of related goods Substitutes in production a good that can be made instead of bottled water e.g. bottled tea If price of bottled tea increases, switch to tea production, supply of bottled water falls

47. Complements in production good that is produced with other good e.g. Beef & leather if price of beef rises, Qs of beef rises, & supply of leather rises

48. Seller expectations Expect input prices to rise in future increase supply today expect price of good to rise in future decrease supply today

49. # of sellers As more sellers supply good, market supply increases

50. Productivity Amount of output per unit of input bottles of water per hour of labor Increase in productivity lowers cost increases supply what makes productivity increase? Technology human capital

51. Important!! Change in supply -- occurs when other factors change -- shift to a new supply curve (right or left) change in supply -- NOT caused by change in price of the good

52. Change in quantity supplied -- occurs when prices change -- movement along existing supply curve

53. Change in Qs P Qs S

54. P S S’’ Change in Supply

55. Market Equilibrium What will be the price of bottled water? Price at which Qs = Qd -- equilibrium price -- equilibrium quantities

56. Market for Bottled Water P (millions bottles per day) Q D S $10 10 Equilibrium

57. Why is this an equilibrium? If Qs > Qd surplus price falls until Qs = Qd If Qs < Qd shortage price rises until Qs = Qd

58. Changes in equilibrium If supply and/or demand changes (shifts left or right), then equilibrium will change too.

59. Example 1 Market for bottled water price of plastic bottles rises what happens to equilibrium?

60. Which curve is affected? buyers or sellers? Supply curve bottles are an input

61. Increase or decrease in supply? Increase in cost of input supply decreases shift LEFT

62. P (millions bottles per day) S Q D $10 10 S’ Equilibrium: P Q

63. note Change in supply causes change in equilibrium price BUT Change in price does NOT cause a change in supply

64. Example 2 Market for bottled water sugar is found to be harmful to health what happens to equilibrium?

65. Which curve is affected? Demand curve health concerns increase preferences for water

66. Increase or decrease in demand? Increase in preference for water demand increases shift RIGHT

67. P (millions bottles per day) S Q D $10 10 D’ Equilibrium: P Q

68. Example 3 Market for bottled water incomes fall & sellers expect utilities to rise

69. Which curve is affected? Demand curve income falls Supply curve seller expectations change expect costs to rise

70. Increase or decrease? Demand decreases (left) income falls & bottled water is normal good Supply increases (right) make more water today before costs go up

71. P (millions bottles per day) S Q D D’ Equilibrium: P Q ? S’

72. Example 4: Leather sandals Market for leather sandals A. Mad cow disease -- must destroy 20% of herds what happens to equilibrium

73. P Q S D S’ Supply decreases Q decreases P increases

74. B. PETA campaign against leather products what happens to equilibrium?

75. P Q S D D’ demand decreases Q decreases P decreases

76. Example 5: Natural Gas Prices Winter 2000-2001 prices increased over 100% why?

77. 3 possible causes: 1. Supply decreases or 2. Demand increases or 3. both

78. P Q S D S’ Decrease in Supply

79. Why would S fall? regulation -- tougher to drill -- increase costs hot summer (2000) -- depletes inventories

80. P Q S D D’ Increase in Demand

81. Why would D rise? booming economy (2000) EPA rules -- fewer coal plants, more gas plants cold winter

82. Why did P rise? both falling supply & rising demand -- but demand was most important

83. Price ceiling gov’t regulation sets maximum price example: rent control in NYC what happens?

84. Rent Q S D $2500 500 $1200 250750 rent ceiling = $1200

85. Rent Q S D $2500 500 $1200 250750 Qd = 750 units Qs = 250 units at P = $1200: SHORTAGE

86. who gets housing? those willing to pay more bogus fees:“key money” those who look harder loss of time those who get lucky Monica on Friends

87. Result Price does not ration scarce good too few apt. units lost resources in searching price ceiling is inefficient

88. Why have rent control? intended to help make housing affordable secondary effect shortage run-down buildings rent-controlled apts. go to the “connected”

89. B. Price floors. The minimum legal price a seller may charge, typically placed below equilibrium. Surpluses result as quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. Examples: Minimum wage, farm price supports Note: The federal minimum wage, for example, will be below equilibrium in some labor markets (large cities). In that case the price floor has no effect.

90. Application: Government-Set Prices (Ceilings and Floors) Government-set prices prevent the market from reaching the equilibrium price and quantity. A. Price ceilings. The maximum legal price a seller may charge, typically placed below equilibrium. Shortages result as quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. Examples: Rent controls and gasoline price controls

91. Price ceiling gov’t regulation sets maximum price example: rent control in NYC what happens?

92. Rent Q S D $2500 500 $1200 250750 rent ceiling = $1200

93. Rent Q S D $2500 500 $1200 250750 Qd = 750 units Qs = 250 units at P = $1200: SHORTAGE

94. who gets housing? those willing to pay more bogus fees:“key money” those who look harder loss of time those who get lucky Monica on Friends

95. Result Price does not ration scarce good too few apt. units lost resources in searching price ceiling is inefficient

96. Why have rent control? intended to help make housing affordable secondary effect shortage run-down buildings rent-controlled apts. go to the “connected”

97. Application: Government-Set Prices (Ceilings and Floors) Government-set prices prevent the market from reaching the equilibrium price and quantity. A. Price ceilings. The maximum legal price a seller may charge, typically placed below equilibrium. Shortages result as quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. Examples: Rent controls and gasoline price controls

98. B. Price floors. The minimum legal price a seller may charge, typically placed above equilibrium. Surpluses result as quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. Examples: Minimum wage, farm price supports Note: The federal minimum wage, for example, will be below equilibrium in some labor markets (large cities). In that case the price floor has no effect.

99. Straight-Line Equations: Slope-Intercept Form y = mx + b This is called the slope-intercept form because "m" is the slope and "b" gives the y-intercepslopeintercep

100. Find the equation of the straight line that has slope m = 4 and passes through the point (–1, –6). y = mx + b (–6) = (4)(–1) + b –6 = –4 + b –2 = b Then the line equation must be "y = 4x – 2".

101. Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (–2, 4) and (1, 2). if I have two points on a straight line, I can always find the slope if I use the point (1, 2), I get: y = mx + b 2 = (– 2/3)(1) + b 2 = – 2/3 + b 2 + 2/3 = b 6/3 + 2/3 = b b = 8/3 y = (– 2/3)x + 8/3

102. y x 0 1 2 3 4 2 1.5 1.5

104. Qd 5 3 2 1 4 50200 300 100400