1. Chapter 6 – Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development

2. Psychosocial Development
Emotions
Initiative versus guilt
The self
Guilt versus shame
Motivation
Play

3. Play-
Play is the most productive and enjoyable activity that children undertake
Play is universal
Form of play changes with age and culture

4. Peers and Parents Peers:
People of about the same age and social status
Provide practice in emotional regulation, empathy, and social understanding
Children usually prefer to play with each other rather than with their parents
Types of play

5. Changing Social Circumstances
Types of Play (Midred Parten, 1932)- as social awareness increases, so do types of play.
Solitary play:
Onlooker play:
Parallel play:
Associative play:
Cooperative play:

6. Active Play
Rough-and-tumble play: Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting, but in which there is no intent to harm.

7. Sociodramatic Play
Sociodramatic play: Pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create.

8. Play Based on the work of parent child interaction therapy
Quality play criteria:
Parents make no demands No
Follow lead of children
Engage under the direction of children
Take PRIDE in your play!! P- R- I-
D – E-

9. Parenting Styles
Diana Baumrind (1967, 1971). Parents differ on four important dimensions:
Expressions of warmth
Strategies for discipline
Communication
Expectations for maturity

10. Figure 8.4 Control, Acceptance, Parenting Style
© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers

11. Baumrind’s Patterns of Parenting
Authoritarian parenting
Permissive parenting
Authoritative parenting
Neglectful/uninvolved parenting

12. Authoritarian

13. Permissive

14. Authoritative

15. Neglectful

16. Children, Parents, and the Media

17. The Significance of Content
Violence on TV is often depicted as morally acceptable.
Children who watch televised violence become more violent themselves.
Racial and gender stereotypes are still evident in children’s programs.
Educational television may have positive effects.
Experts recommend that parents limit their young children’s television viewing and spend more time talking and playing with them.

18. Moral Development Decrease in egocentrism leads to the development of:
Empathy
Antipathy
Empathy ideally leads to prosocial behavior

19. Types of Aggression Instrumental aggression Reactive aggression
Relational aggression
Bullying aggression

20. Discipline and Children’s Thinking
Remember theory of mind.
Remember emerging self-concept
Remember fast-mapping.
Remember that young children are not logical.

21. Punishment Physical Psychological Time Out Sensitive Discipline
Define
Why it is used
Outcomes
Psychological
Time Out
Sensitive Discipline
Ineffective discipline

22. Becoming Boys and Girls
Sex/Gender/Sexuality- define
Continuums
Doing gender
Age 2:
Age 4:

23. Theories of Gender Development
Psychoanalytical Theory
Phallic stage
Oedipus complex
Superego
Electra complex
Identification: An attempt to defend one’s self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else.
Behaviorism
Gender differences are the product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment

24. Theories of Gender Development, cont.
Social learning theory:
Children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe
Cognitive Theory
Gender schema: A child’s cognitive concept or general belief about sex differences, which is based on his or her observations and experiences.
Young children categorize themselves and everyone else as either male or female, and then they think and behave accordingly.
Systems theory
Genes and culture, parents and peers, ideas and customs all interact, affecting each child.

25. Androgyny
Androgyny: A balance within one person of traditionally masculine and feminine psychological characteristics.