1. Tuesday, March 2, 2010 Reflection: Q: Do you think that sectionalism still exists today? (Do people largely identify with and agree with the views of the region in which they live?)

2. Announcements…. 1. Tests Returned 2. Serving Saturdays! –This Saturday, March 6, 2010. –At 2:00 pm –Wellington Place Assisted Living

3. First Things First… 1. What is Manifest Destiny? 2. What word describes an official count of population? 3. What developments (by land and water) helped the nation expand westward? 4. What is an artificial, man-made waterway? 5. Why would pioneer families settle along rivers? 6. Who was the 5 th president of the United States? 7. What Era did politicians enter into under his presidency? 8. Describe Sectionalism. What issues were controversial?

4. Sectional Tension Rises The problem revolved around slavery When new states were added in the newly acquired LA Territory, should slavery be allowed or prohibited? Should the people of a state be allowed to decide for themselves? In 1820, Missouri applied to become a new state…slavery or free? What about the rest of Louisiana? What about Maine?

5. WESTWARD EXPANSION Henry Clay, from the west, proposed a compromise to keep both sides (slave/free) happy. Missouri Compromise Missouri=slave state Maine= free state North of the Missouri Compromise Line = free South of the Missouri Compromise Line=slave Slavery banned north of 36’30N” parallel. MORE DIVISION!!!

6. WESTWARD EXPANSION The Supreme Court gets involved in Sectionalism! McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The state of Maryland imposes a tax on a Baltimore Federal bank. James McCulloch, head of the branch, refuses to pay the tax. Goes all the way to Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland had no right to tax. Federal govt. gets power from people not states. -This decision established a foundation for expanded Congressional authority. The Court held that the necessary and proper clause (elastic clause) of the Constitution allows Congress to do more than the Constitution expressly authorizes it to do- allows Congress to enact nearly any law that will help it achieve its duties as set forth in the Constitution. THIS CASE GAVE CONGRESS MORE POWER!!!

7. Relations with Britain After War of 1812, President Monroe and his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, moved to resolve disputes with Britain. –Disarmament and Demilitarization of U.S. and British Canada border. –Set boundary of LA Territory between U.S. and Canada at 49 th parallel. –Americans gained the “right” to settle in the Oregon Country.

8. Relations with Spain Spain owned East Florida and claimed West. U.S. claimed West Florida was part of LA purchase. In April 1818, General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida, seizing control of 2 Spanish forts. He did not have orders to do this, but only to stop Seminole raids. Secretary of War, Calhoun, wants Jackson court- martialed… J.Q. Adams disagrees. Spain was preoccupied with rebellions in empire… so signed Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819- Spain gave all of Florida to U.S. And Large piece of territory in Pacific Northwest! (But, no Texas)

9. Latin American Republics While Spain settled territorial disputes with U.S., they faced series of challenges. In early 1800s, Spain controlled vast empire: southwestern U.S., Mexico, Central America, and all of South America except Brazil. If fall of 1810 a priest, Miguel Hidalgo, led a rebellion against Spanish govt. of Mexico. Hidalgo called for racial equality and redistribution of land. Spanish defeated revolution and executed him. But, Mexico does gain independence in 1821… by 1824 most of South America had liberated itself from Spain.

10. The Monroe Doctrine In 1822, Spain asked several European countries to help fight against revolutionary forces in South America. The possibility of more European involvement in North America lead Monroe to issue a statement known as the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe Doctrine- U.S. would not interfere with any existing European colonies in Americas, but it would oppose any new ones. No more European Involvement in North and South America!* Declared NO New Colonies! Can be seen as an act of aggression….

11. Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904 All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous. Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon our hearty friendship. If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power. SHOULD AMERICA INTERVENE IN OTHER COUNTRIES IN CENTRAL SOUTH AMERICA?SHOULD AMERICA INTERVENE IN OTHER COUNTRIES IN CENTRAL SOUTH AMERICA?

12. El Mozote, El Salvador Rebels that were trained and funded by the U.S. were sent to the town Dec. 11, 1981. 1,000 men, women, and children died.

13. Nicaragua Iran-Contra Affair America used Israel to sell weapons to Iran. They took the money to support the Nicaraguan Contras, a rebel group trying to overthrow the government.

14. Nicaragua V. United States 1986 International Court of Justice ruled in favor of Nicaragua on 16 counts. Here are a few: –1. violating the sovereignty of Nicaragua by:sovereignty armed attacks against Nicaragua by air, land and sea; incursions into Nicaraguan territorial waters; aerial trespass into Nicaraguan airspace; efforts by direct and indirect means to coerce and intimidate the Government of Nicaragua. –2. using force and the threat of force against Nicaragua. –3. intervening in the internal affairs of Nicaragua. –4. infringing upon the freedom of the high seas and interrupting peaceful maritime commerce. –5. killing, wounding and kidnapping citizens of Nicaragua.