1. Distribution Automation Overview, Activities, and Roadmap David G
Distribution Automation Overview, Activities, and Roadmap David G. Hart & Jay Park September 1, 1999

2. Overview - Automation
Automation is the ability to remotely monitor and control the network, collect information, and provide information in a useful manner to the end user t
DPU
2000R
ABB t
DPU
2000R
ABB t
DPU
2000R
ABB

3. Overview - Levels of Automation
Off-Line Analysis
LEVEL 3
Real-Time Control
LEVEL 2
Communications t
DPU
2000R
ABB
LEVEL 1
Intelligent Equipment t C
PICKUP
PHASE
GROUND
REMOTE ENABLE
GROUND BLOCK
ALTERNATE PU
SEF ENABLE
RECLOSE BLOCK
PROG 1
PROG 2
STATUS l

4. Substation Automation
ABB Distribution Substation Solution t
TPU
2000R
ABB t
DPU
2000R
ABB
Power RICH System
MicroShield OC t
PCD2000

5. Substation Automation - Power RICH System
Provides graphical user interface for control, monitoring, and device settings
Utilizes standard local area network - MODBUS, MODBUS PLUS, DNP 3.0 & 160 other protocols
Allows integration of digital protection/ control/ metering/ load profile using the 2000 series
Supports MODBUS & DNP 3.0 with PCD2000

6. Substation Automation - Applications
Interface to SCADA
Control with Power RICH System
Monitoring with Power RICH System
Restoration of system following an outage
etc.

7. Automation - Benefits
Provides remote, immediate, status of the substations in the region
Power RICH System provides monitor & control of multiple vendors devices NOW & in the future
Personnel safety via remote control
One point of contact, ABB contact list
Advanced problem analysis with advanced ABB devices

8. Feeder Automation
ABB Feeder Solution
VR3S Recloser
VS3S Switch

9. 15-27kV Three Phase Automatic Recloser
RATINGS
15 kV 27 kV 38 kV
Max. Voltage kV
Cont. Current 560/ / /800 A
Int. Current 12/ / /16 kA
BIL kV
VR-3S recloser ratings:
15.5kV - 38kV Rated maximum system voltage kV RMS
560A up to 800A Rated continuos current, Amps RMS.
12 kA kA Rated short circuit breaking current kA RMS. Sym
32 kp kp Rated making current
110 kV kV Rated impulse withstand voltage (BIL)
The VR-3S recloser uses vacuum technology for fault interruption. The recloser consists of three (3) polyurethane pole assemblies, each consisting of a vacuum interrupter, a current sensor and a magnetic actuator. The vacuum bottle contacts are opened and closed by magnetic actuators.
Vacuum interrupters are encapsulated in a solid dielectric, Polyurethane. ABB has over twelve years of outdoor experience with polyurethane encapsulated medium voltage apparatus, this material has established a clear edge in flexibility, low stress, superior arc track resistance, and immunity to the effects of ozone and UV rays.
The unit consists of three (3) current sensors sized not to saturate below the maximum fault level, giving reliable and accurate data for power quality and system disturbance analysis.
The unit comes standard with a pole mounted frame. If required, a substation frame can be provided. The VR-3S recloser, as shown, is the lightest in the industry weighing only 320 Lbs. (155 Kg) including the mounting frame
Although the unit’s design is quite revolutionary, the technology and materials used are well established in medium voltage applications.

10. Interrupting Unit Encapsulated vacuum Interrupters - low maint-
enance; 10,000
loadbreak operations
Integrated Sensors -
protected from the
environment, designed
to not saturate during
fault conditions for
fault information
Heavy gauge cabinet -
Available in mild or
stainless steel
Recloser cable
includes wires for
for 3 phase voltage
transformer wiring
Vacuum Interrupters:
Vacuum interrupters add to the unit’s overall reliability and low maintenance requirements due to their superior life (10,000 mechanical and/or load operations). Vacuum bottle contact design allows for an even wear, which ensures good contact pressure and long life.
Magnetic Actuators:
The magnetic actuator increases the unit’s reliability by dramatically reducing the mechanism’s moving parts. As compared to stored energy mechanisms and systems utilizing HV closing solenoids, the magnetic actuator is far less complicated, consisting of only one moving part. Conventional mechanisms have hundreds of parts.
Mechanical Trip
The recloser can be tripped manually in the event of an emergency, manual closing is not available. A closing signal must be initiated via the PCD2000 control’s close push-button or remotely through communications interface.
Open/Close indicators
The unit has three (3) highly visible position indicators, one per phase. The indicators provide clear and reliable recloser open/close indication from the ground. The unit’s indicators display a green color when the unit is open and red when it is in the closed position.
Solid dielectric
By encapsulating the vacuum interrupters in polyurethane, we eliminated the need for oil or gas as an insulation medium, making the unit more environmentally friendly, and dramatically reducing maintenance.
Integrated Sensors
The unit comes with current sensors sized not to saturate below the full rated fault current (12 kA), giving reliable and accurate data for waveform analysis. The sensors, one per phase, are encapsulated in polyurethane, which allows for a compact and lightweight design.
Mechanical trip -
for manual operation
Large easy to view Open/Close
Indicators

11. Mounting Arrangements
Substation Mounted
Pole Mounted
Pictures taken at:
Substation Mounted: Medina Electric Cooperative, TX
Pole Mounted: North Attleboro Electric Dept. MA

12. PCD2000 Recloser Control Features
PCD2000 -front panel
LCD Display - backlit
Displays metering vals
and post fault information
PCD2000 t C
PICKUP
PHASE
GROUND
REMOTE BLOCKED
GROUND BLOCKED
ALT SETTINGS 1
SEF BLOCKED
RECLOSE BLOCKED
PROG 1
PROG 2
G-NORMAL
R-FAIL
LOCKOUT
OPEN
CLOSE
CLEAR
ENTER
Fault indicating
targets - highly
visible, pickup,
phase and ground
trip and lockout
lights
HMI - Human machine
interface; password
protected, easy to use
Push-button
controls with
indicating LED’s
Optical
communications
port; RS-232C
Indicating targets
PICKUP: Indicates that current is above minimum pickup setting
PHASE: Indicates that a phase fault has occurred
GROUND: Indicates that a ground fault has occurred
LOCKOUT: Indicates that the unit has reached a lockout status.
Push-button Controls
REMOTE BLOCKED: Indicates that remote operation has been blocked. Remote operation are usually blocked for safety reasons.
GROUND BLOCKED: prevents the unit from tripping on ground faults.
ALT SETTINGS 1: Indicates that alternate settings table 1 is currently selected. This buttons toggles between the primary settings group and the alternate settings 1 group.
SEF BLOCKED: Blocks the sensitive earth fault feature.
RECLOSE BLOCKED: Blocks reclosing for one (1) trip to lockout.
PROG 1: Pre-Programmed Recloser timing test (simulates a fault to check operation of recloser)
PROG 2: Pre-programmed battery test button
Open/Close Control buttons
CLOSE: Unit will close when pressing this button. Once the unit is closed the unit status light turns red, indicating that the unit is closed.
OPEN: Unit will open when pressing this button. Once the unit is open the unit status light turns green, indicating that the unit is open.
Optical communications port
The PCD2000 control has a standard front mounted optical communications port. This port is capable of transferring digital information between the PCD2000 control and a PC for uploading and downloading settings and unit information.
HMI User interface
The PCD2000 HMI (Human Machine Interface) consists of a graphic LCD display and six push-buttons which allow local configuration of the control.
Control status
indication - uses
self-checking
diagnostics
Open/Close
push-buttons and
position indicating
light

13. PCD2000 - Advanced Protective Functions
Under/Over Voltage control and alarming*
Very useful for detection of high side fuse operation/ single phasing condition
Also used for loop sectionalizing, voltage transfer
Allows time delayed load shedding
Under/Over Frequency control and alarming* (1phase or 3 phase)
Allows enhanced load shedding capability
Directional specific overcurrent protection*
Allows for closed loop schemes
Directional specific power flow control*
Allows for changing to alternate profile during backfeed condition
* Requires voltage inputs
Negative sequence (46) (Voltage inputs required)
Negative sequence overcurrent protection lets the PCD2000 be responsive to more fault conditions by detecting systems imbalances and heightening sensitivity to phase-to-phase faults.
Directional time overcurrent (67P/67N) (Voltage inputs required)
Directional overcurrent protection simplifies design of protection schemes for the loop systems. In specific cases, it could save the cost of additional protection devices and could minimize the area area of an outage.
Frequency (81S, 81R) (Voltage inputs required)
Frequency protection is the 81S load shedding and 81R load restoration functions that allows for controlled shedding and restoration of load in response changes in frequency.
Under/Overvoltage (27/59) (Voltage inputs required)
Over and Under Voltage protection Capabilities enhance the standard array of overcurrent protective functions adding redundancy as well as a means of monitoring and responding to system instability.

14. PCD2000 Metering Accuracy of Volts and Amps to ±1%
Currents Magnitude and Angle for Ia, Ib, Ic, & In Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence
Voltages* Phase Magnitude and Angle Positive and Negative Sequence
Watts* Kilowatts Per Phase Total Kilowatts for 3-Phase
Vars* Kilovars Per Phase Total Kilovars for 3-Phase
Watt-Hours* Kilowatt-Hours Per Phase Kilowatts for 3-Phase
Var-Hours* Kilovar-Hours Per Phase Kilovars for 3-Phase
Power Factor* For Wye VTs
Frequency* Hertz
The PCD2000 meters current and voltages (when voltage input is supplied) to 1% accuracy, measuring (Load profile data 2% accuracy)
kWh
kVARh
power factor
demand watts and VARs
frequency
* Requires Voltage Inputs

15. PCD2000 - Data records Load Profile Operation/Fault Records
Up to 160 days of data
Records kW, kVAR & volts per phase
Operation/Fault Records
128 recloser operations
Fault duty accumulator for interrupters
Operation and trip counters
Fault records
Records detailed fault data for last 32 faults (including relay times, distance to fault)
Basic fault data for last 128 faults
Load profile
Load profile feature records per-phase demand kilowatts, demand Kilovars and line-to-ground voltages. 5, 15, 30 or 60 minute intervals can be selected, which contains information for a maximum of 160 days. The load profile feature requires Wye-connected VTs to accurately measure per-phase kilowatts and Kilovars for unbalanced loads. For delta connected VTs, the load profile feature records three-phase kilowatts and Kilovars, per phase and ground demand currents and line-to-line voltages. This information can only be retrieved via the supplied external communications program (WinECP).
Fault summary Provides a summary of the last 32 faults. After a fault the HMI displays the apparent distance to the fault and the fault currents until the targets are reset. Fault summary records the sequence number, recloser sequence, protective element, date, time, and phase and ground currents.
Fault record Displays the last 32 records, one fault at a time and includes the same information of the fault summary plus: apparent distance to fault, fault resistance, relay operate time, recloser clearing time, positive, negative and zero sequence currents, phase voltages, positive and negative sequence.
Operations record contains the last 128 operations. This record includes: operation description, date and time of operation. Operations include manual opening and closing of the breaker, overcurrent trips and reclose sequences, activation of binary inputs and output contacts, alarm conditions and functional test mode data.
Operations summary includes summation of recloser interruption duty on a per-phase basis in KSI (thousand symmetrical amps), number of overcurrent trips, number of recloser operations, number of successful reclosure by sequence number (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th)
Unreported Records when a SCADA application polls the control, it sends the fault and operations information to the unreported fault and operations records. At the same time the information also appears in the fault and operations records. Records remain in the unreported records until either SCADA downloads the information or the unreported records screen is viewed

16. PCD2000 - Advanced Data records
Oscillographic capture
Valuable tool for analyzing post fault waveforms
Records total of 64 cycles per phase currents and voltages 8 distinct events
Power Quality records per ANSI/IEEE 1159 Standard
Very powerful tool for pinpointing source of power quality problems
Records voltage sags, swells, Total Harmonic Distortion, Total Demand Distortion
Can use ANSI recommended voltage/duration thresholds or can be user specified
Holds up to 256 records
Oscillographic capture allows the user to capture three phase waveform data, currents and voltages (if voltage inputs are supplied). This information is useful for analyzing faults. WinPCD and PowerView software are required to gather this data. WinPCD and PowerView are free to download off the internet at
Power Quality is an excellent feature to have on a PCD2000 microprocessor control. This allows the user to take advantage of the reclosers unique position on a distribution line, often at a midpoint between the substation and the customer’s meter. Voltage inputs are required to used Power Quality.

17. PCD2000 Communication Features
Open protocols, DNP3.0, Modbus ASCII & RTU included with each unit
Doesn’t require additional hardware for protocols
RS232, RS485, programmable I/O and optical port are all standard. Fiber port is optional
Fiber port is unsurpassed, fully regenerates signal, preventing signal attenuation
Software for the PCD2000, WinPCD, has dial up capability and an extensive control interface
Control Cabinet has plenty of room for a radio or modem, and a 12 V DC power supply is optional
The PCD2000 is built around open protocols, which are not proprietary and are free to the user. DNP3.0 has become the defacto standard in the ‘90s. The PCD2000 is designed to accept new protocol implementations, such as UCA, should they become popular. Having an intellegent device allows the unit to be addressed and communicate over a DNP3.0 or Modbus system without the need for an RTU at the unit. This saves a great deal for the installed cost.
The PCD2000 comes with software which can be used without a SCADA system to communicate using WinPCD software, provided free to customers.
The fiber port is unsurpassed in its capabilities, and is not just a converter. It regenerates its incoming signal totally, and facilitates loop or radial connection.
The typical VR-3S runs on 120/240VAC or 48VDC. A power supply is optionally supplied which provides plenty of power for a radio or other accessory.

18. Soon to be released: Single phase tripping
Very advantageous for residential loads
Reduces affected customers by 2/3 rds
Single or three phase lockout selection
Option to block ground tripping after single phase trip/lockout
Can change to three phase trip only based on KW demand threshold
Loop Scheme automatic reconfiguration (10/99)
Does not require communications between units or master
One control used for both main feeder and tie (or midpoint) reclosers
Has separate user interface with per phase voltage indication recloser status and override.
Single phase tripping and Loop Control reclosers will be available soon. The single phase tripping recloser will be the first of its kind in the industry, and will be user customizable.

19. SCD2000 Switch Control Features
SCD2000 -Front Panel
LCD Display - backlit
Displays metering vals
and post fault information
SCD2000 t C
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
REMOTE BLOCKED
SECTIONALIZE BLOCKED
OPERATIONS COUNTER
SWITCH SELECT
LED TEST
BATTERY TEST
PROG 1
G-NORMAL
R-FAIL
Ground
OPEN
CLOSE
CLEAR
ENTER
Fault indicating
targets - highly
visible, pickup,
phase and ground
trip and lockout
lights
HMI - Human machine
interface; password
protected, easy to use
Push-button
controls with
indicating LED’s
Optical
communications
port; RS-232C
Indicating targets
PICKUP: Indicates that current is above minimum pickup setting
PHASE: Indicates that a phase fault has occurred
GROUND: Indicates that a ground fault has occurred
LOCKOUT: Indicates that the unit has reached a lockout status.
Push-button Controls
REMOTE BLOCKED: Indicates that remote operation has been blocked. Remote operation are usually blocked for safety reasons.
GROUND BLOCKED: prevents the unit from tripping on ground faults.
ALT SETTINGS 1: Indicates that alternate settings table 1 is currently selected. This buttons toggles between the primary settings group and the alternate settings 1 group.
SEF BLOCKED: Blocks the sensitive earth fault feature.
RECLOSE BLOCKED: Blocks reclosing for one (1) trip to lockout.
PROG 1: Pre-Programmed Recloser timing test (simulates a fault to check operation of recloser)
PROG 2: Pre-programmed battery test button
Open/Close Control buttons
CLOSE: Unit will close when pressing this button. Once the unit is closed the unit status light turns red, indicating that the unit is closed.
OPEN: Unit will open when pressing this button. Once the unit is open the unit status light turns green, indicating that the unit is open.
Optical communications port
The PCD2000 control has a standard front mounted optical communications port. This port is capable of transferring digital information between the PCD2000 control and a PC for uploading and downloading settings and unit information.
HMI User interface
The PCD2000 HMI (Human Machine Interface) consists of a graphic LCD display and six push-buttons which allow local configuration of the control.
Control status
indication - uses
self-checking
diagnostics
Open/Close
push-buttons and
position indicating
light

20. SCD2000 - Control Functions
Features:
Fault indication that utilizes currents or currents and voltages
Phase imbalance
Switch failure alarm
Number of operations
Sectionalizing function
Automatic source transfer
Time overcurrent functions (51P/51N)
51P/51N When a phase current exceeds the programmed pickup current ( A), the trip timer starts timing out to trip the recloser. depending on the system’s timing requirements, you can select any one of the ANSI/IEC/Recloser time overcurrent curves.
Instantaneous overcurrent function (50)
50P-1 and 50N-1 trips when phase current exceeds the 50P-1 pickup setting. The response of this instantaneous tripping varies as a function of the changing current magnitude. The 50P-1 pickup setting is selected in multiples of the 51P/51N time overcurrent trip setting. All of the instantaneous overcurrent curves can be selected with the 50P-1 function.
50P-2 and 50N-2 are selected in multiples of the 51P/51N time overcurrent trip setting. The 50P-2 function has one definite time characteristic curve.
50P-3 and 50N-3 are selected in multiples of the 51P time overcurrent trip setting. The 50P-3 function has no intentional delay.
50N-2 Sensitive Earth Fault (SEF) OPTIONAL The SEF feature is applicable to systems where all loads are connected line-to-line, where there is no neutral or earth current unless an earth fault has occurred.
Time overcurrent curves
For maximum flexibility, users are given a choice among, ANSI, IEC, traditional recloser (Cooper standard curves) and user programmable curves.
ANSI Time Overcurrent Curves (51/46/67): Extremely Inverse, very inverse, inverse, short time inverse, definite time, long time extremely inverse, long time very inverse, long time inverse, traditional recloser curves, user programmable curves
IEC Time overcurrent Curves : Normal inverse, very inverse, inverse, extremely inverse, long time inverse, definite time, user programmable
Recloser curves: The PCD2000 also comes with Cooper type curves. Cooper curves included are 8,2,3,9,11 ground, and R, B, C, D, N, E, W phase.

21. Substation/Feeder Integration
Power RICH System
Communications
Gateway

22. DCD2000
DCD 2000 Communications Gateway Development - Located in substation to link substation and feeder devices
Provides multiple master/slave operation in one integrated box
Provides interface to multiple applications
Port for Power RICH System
Port for existing SCADA RTU
MODEM for off-line applications being developed such as PQ
Provides interface to substation and field devices
RS-232 with handshaking for feeder long distance radio
RS-485 twisted pair to connect substation relays
fiber optic to connect yard equipment
Support standard protocols (MODBUS and DNP 3.0)

23. DCD2000 Communications Gateway
Substation
Real Time
Control
Gateway t
DPU
2000R
ABB t
DPU
2000R
ABB
RS-485
RS-232
Leased Line t
DPU
2000R
ABB
Power RICH System
Remote RF
Modem/232
Dial-Up
Off-Line
Applications
Fiber Optic
RS-232 t
Feeder
Industrial PLC

24. DCD2000 Communications Gateway
Power RICH System
SCADA
PLC t
DPU
2000R
ABB
Twisted Pair
Radio t
DPU
2000R
ABB t
DPU
2000R
ABB t t t
Fiber t
DPU
2000R
ABB
Feeder t
DPU
2000R
ABB
Off-Line
Applications
Substation

25. Substation/Feeder Integration - Application
PLC monitors DPU2000 to determine breaker is open, opens other side of fault, and restores power with tie switch
DCD2000 Gateway t
PLC t
DPU
2000R
ABB t
DPU
2000R
ABB t t t t t

26. Substation/Feeder Integration - Application
Power RICH System provides HMI and control
PQIS monitors key customers
PQIS
Power RICH System t
DPU
2000R
ABB t
DPU
2000R
ABB t
DPU
2000R
ABB

27. Off-Line Applications
Provide utility with new off-line applications that utilize intelligence in equipment
Topics: PQ, load profile, fault location, etc.

28. Off-Line Applications
Power Quality - Provide industrial account representative with PQ data on key customers from reclosers/switches, relays and meters
Use IEEE definitions
Easy to understand presentation
Distributed PC users in different departments
Local or corporate database (s)
Scalable number of monitoring devices
Data captured in relay/controller

29. Demonstration Power RICH System Phone Off-Line Simulator Application
PICKUP
PHASE
GROUND
REMOTE ENABLE
GROUND BLOCK
ALTERNATE PU
SEF ENABLE
RECLOSE BLOCK
PROG 1
PROG 2
STATUS l t C
PICKUP
PHASE
GROUND
REMOTE ENABLE
GROUND BLOCK
ALTERNATE PU
SEF ENABLE
RECLOSE BLOCK
PROG 1
PROG 2
STATUS l
Phone
Simulator
Off-Line
Application
PLC
MDS Radio t C
REMOTE ENABLE
ALTERNATE PU t C
PICKUP
PHASE
GROUND
REMOTE ENABLE
GROUND BLOCK
ALTERNATE PU
SEF ENABLE
RECLOSE BLOCK
PROG 1
PROG 2
STATUS l
Modbus
over RS-232
ABB PCD 2000
PCD2000
Gateway
Modbus
over RS-485
OC Relay
Power RICH System t
DPU
2000R

30. Summary Family of products for substation and feeder automation
Innovative new concepts being developed and tested