1. Recent Experience in Turkey for Building Vulnerability and Estimating Damage Losses P. Gülkan and A. Yakut Middle East Technical University

3. Residential/Commercial Building under Construction

5. DAMAGE IS ALWAYS ATTRIBUTABLE TO A COMBINATION OF ADVERSE CONDITIONS

6. Code violations

7. DAMAGE RELATIONSHIP WITH HEIGHT: R/C BUILDINGS IN GÖLCÜK

8. REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS IN GÖLCÜK

9. R/C BUILDINGS UP TO THREE STORIES TALL

10. R/C BUILDINGS TALLER THAN THREE STORIES

11. OVERCAPACITY GIRDERS BREAK COLUMNS

12. SOFT/WEAK GROUND STORIES

13. POOR ANCHORAGE OF REINFORCEMENT

14. COLUMN HINGING MECHANISM

15. COLUMN SHEAR FAILURE

16. CAPTIVE SHORT COLUMNS FAIL IN SHEAR

17. IMPROPERLY DETAILED JOINTS CAN DISINTEGRATE

18. NON-ENFORCEMENT OF HEIGHT ZONING MAY LEAD TO POUNDING BETWEEN BUILDINGS

19. Loss Estimation requires team-work among: q Geology q Seismology q Earthquake and structural engineering q Geotechnical engineering

20. Principal Components of Risk Analysis Hazard Analysis Modeling seismic sources Soil type and geological factors Attenuation modeling Vulnerability Analysis Assessment of the building stock Earthquake analysis Develop vulnerability curves Risk Analysis Calculation of Probabilistic Risk Curves

21. Calc. material losses Hazard Event nucleation Calculation of intensity Vulnerability Damage calculation Building stock Geotechnical background Principal Components of Earthquake Models

22. Hazard Assessment Softer formation Bedrock Attenuation Amplification

23. Modeling Seismic Sources 5.0 6.0 7.0 Gutenberg-Richter

24. Attenuation Relations Strike-Slip Faults Joyner and Boore (1997) Sadigh (1997) Abrahamson and Silva (1997) Ambraseys et al (1999) Gülkan and Kalkan (2002) Subduction Zone Youngs (1997) Gregor (1997) Spudich et al. (1999) Dependent on: Earthq. Mag. Rupture Mech. Distance Signal Prop.

25. Estimation of Ground Motions during Probable Earthquakes

26. Soil Type and Amplification Sand and silt Stiff clay Rock Stiff clay Rock

27. Comparison of Vulnerability Analyses ATC - 13 1985 Intensity is MMI Expert Opinion Curves HAZUS 1997 Spectral Intensity Expert Opinion Curves Expert Opinion Vulnerability Analytic Vulnerability Judgment Based Hazard Parameter Empirical Hazard Parameter ACM 2000 Spectral Intensity Objectively Developed Curves

28. Development of Damage Functions q Determination of typical structural types and their features based on design drawings q Analysis of earthquake response q Development of damage functions for each building type on basis of member damage q Determination of retrofit strategies and associated costs q Assembly of damage functions for each building type

29. Typical Structural Features q Structural characteristics ä Material type ä Plan area, story height, span widths, number of spans ä Number of stories q Design of Typical Buildings ä Design calculations ä Material properties ä Blueprint drawings

30. USA: Building Types q Steel ä Moment resisting ä Braced Frame q Reinforced concrete ä Moment resisting ä Shear wall q Precast concrete ä Frame ä Panel ä Tilt-Up Timber Reinf. Conc. Frame/Wall Steel frame Tilt-up Reinf. Conc. frame 35 building types

31. Modeling and Analysis of Building SAP 2000

32. Structural Engineering Is: The Art of Using Materials (with properties that can only be estimated) To Build Real Structures (that can only be approximately analyzed) To Withstand Forces (that are not accurately known) So That Our Responsibility to Public Safety Is Satisfied!

33. Considering Uncertainties

34. Push-over Analysis

35. Element Level Damageability D%

36. ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF FRAGILITY

39. Transition from Physical Damage to Financial Loss q There exists for each member type a damage level corresponding to the drift q There exists for each member type a retrofit procedure corresponding to each damage level q There exists for each retrofit procedure a corresponding retrofit cost %$

40. Retrofit Options Reinforced Concrete Column: Slight damage: Damage: Hairline cracks. Repair: Epoxy injection. Moderate: Damage: Extensive wide Repair: jacketing, epoxy injection. Severe: Damage: Repair:? Collapsed: Damage: Repair: ?

41. Retrofit Cost at Story Level Based on Member Damage Repair Cost Repair/Intervention Cost

42. Damage Functions (Physical and Material) Material Loss Physical Damage Spectral DIsplacement, in Damage, million $ mean mean+ mean-

43. Calibrated Damage Curves

44. Risk Analysis q Calculation of material losses for probable (scenario) earthquakes q Calculation of risk curves q Assessment of regional risk q Determination of premiums based on regional risk by insurers

45. Column/Wall as Ratios Vulnerability Indexes

47. Judgment for Adequacy Checked by Complete 3-D Analysis - Horizontal Axis > 0.0025

48. Horizontal Axis Generally < 0.0025

49. Judgment for Adequacy Checked by Complete 3-D Analysis - Horizontal Axis > 0.0025

50. Horizontal Axis Generally < 0.0025