1. GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE RICHARD H. HAGEMEYER PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER Charles S. McCreery PTWC Director Tsunami Training Bangkok, Thailand May, 2006

2. PTWC STAFFING EARLY 2006

3. PTWC SCIENTIFIC STAFF Tsunami Warning Science Officer (Deputy Director) Dr Stuart Weinstein, Geophysicist, PTWC TWSO Senior Scientists Dr. Robert Cessaro, Geophysicist, PTWC Barry Hirshorn, Geophysicist, PTWC Dr. Gerard Fryer, Geophysicist, U. Hawaii Dr. Vindell Hsu, Geophysicist, AFTAC Dr Dailin Wang, Oceanographer, IPRC Scientists Dr. Victor Sardina, Geophysicist, EQ Engineering Dr. David Walsh, Oceanographer, NRL and ARC Brian Shiro, Geophysicist, Washington U. Stuart Koyanagi, Geophysicist, USGS Information Technology Officer Dr. Nathan Becker, Oceanographer, U. Hawaii

4. PTWC KEY OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES SEISMIC DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSESSEISMIC DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSES TSUNAMI WAVE MEASUREMENTSTSUNAMI WAVE MEASUREMENTS DECISION-MAKING PROCESSESDECISION-MAKING PROCESSES MESSAGE CREATION & DISSEMINATIONMESSAGE CREATION & DISSEMINATION

5. KEY OPERATIONAL GOALS FASTERFASTER MORE ACCURATEMORE ACCURATE MORE RELIABLEMORE RELIABLE MORE EFFECTIVEMORE EFFECTIVE

6. OPERATIONAL TSUNAMI WARNING WEAKNESSES SEISMIC ANALYSES ONLY FOR INITIAL WARNINGS (FAST BUT FALSE ALARMS)SEISMIC ANALYSES ONLY FOR INITIAL WARNINGS (FAST BUT FALSE ALARMS) LONG WAIT FOR SEA LEVEL DATALONG WAIT FOR SEA LEVEL DATA TOO FEW AND ONLY POINT MEASUREMENTS OF TSUNAMI WAVE FIELDTOO FEW AND ONLY POINT MEASUREMENTS OF TSUNAMI WAVE FIELD LONG TIME BETWEEN EVENTS (CONFUSION)LONG TIME BETWEEN EVENTS (CONFUSION) NO DETECTION OF LANDSLIDE OR VOLCANIC SOURCESNO DETECTION OF LANDSLIDE OR VOLCANIC SOURCES TOO SLOW FOR LOCAL TSUNAMIS (MOST EVENTS)TOO SLOW FOR LOCAL TSUNAMIS (MOST EVENTS)

7. Mw less than 6.5 (Mw: Moment Magnitude) Earthquake Message Only Mw 6.5 to 7.5 Tsunami Information Bulletin Mw 7.6 to 7.8 Regional Tsunami Warning (1000-km Limit) Mw > 7.8 Expanding Warning / Watch Confirmed Teletsunami Pacific-Wide Warning PTWC PACIFIC BULLETIN CRITERIA

8. PTWC Criteria for Bulletins in the Indian Ocean Region

9. Bulletin TypeFrequency of Bulletin Tsunami Information Bulletin 1 or 2 times per year Local Tsunami WatchOnce every 25 years Regional Tsunami WatchOnce every 25 years Ocean-Wide Tsunami Watch Once every 8 years Frequency of Each Type of Bulletin (based on last 100 years of events)

10. DECISION SUPPORT EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERSEARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS HISTORICAL DATAHISTORICAL DATA COASTAL GAUGE READINGSCOASTAL GAUGE READINGS DART READINGSDART READINGS REPORTS FROM REGIONREPORTS FROM REGION WHITMORE MODELWHITMORE MODEL SIFTSIFT

11. Earthquake Location EQ Magnitude (Mw) EQ Depth (km)Near or Under the Sea Bulletin TypeThreat to PR or VI Caribbean- Atlantic >= 6.5> 60kmYesInformation Only No Threat Caribbean- Atlantic >= 6.5<= 60kmInlandInformation Only No Threat Just Offshore of PR or VI 6.0-6.4<= 60kmYesInformation Only No Threat Just Offshore of PR or VI >= 6.5<= 60kmYesLocal Warning Recommended Local Tsunami Threat More Offshore to 2-hrs away 6.0-7.4<= 60kmYesInformation Only No Threat More Offshore to 2-hrs away >= 7.5<= 60 kmYesWarning Recommended Regional Tsunami Threat Greater than 2- hrs away 6.0-7.9<= 60kmYesInformation Only No Threat Greater than 2- hrs away >= 8.0<= 60kmYesWatch Recommended Teletsunami Threat Criteria for Puerto Rico and U.S Virgin Island Bulletins

12. EQ MagnitudeCaribbean OnlyCaribbean & Atlantic Mw >= 6.0One per yearTwo per year Mw >= 6.5One every three yearsOne per year Mw >= 7.0One every five yearsOne every three years Mw >= 7.5One every eight yearsOne every six years Mw >= 8.0One every fifty yearsOne every fifteen years One Significant Tsunamis every 20 Years (last 300 yrs) Expected Frequency of Earthquakes (last 100 yrs)

13. WHAT WILL PTWC PROVIDE INITIAL BULLETINS 10-20 MINUTES AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE FOR MOST EPICENTERSINITIAL BULLETINS 10-20 MINUTES AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE FOR MOST EPICENTERS FOLLOW-UP BULLETINS WITH UPDATED EVALUATIONS BASED ON AVAILABLE SEA LEVEL DATA AND FORECAST MODELSFOLLOW-UP BULLETINS WITH UPDATED EVALUATIONS BASED ON AVAILABLE SEA LEVEL DATA AND FORECAST MODELS DISSEMINATION TO 7X24 FOCAL POINTS BY GTS, EMAIL, FAX, SMS, WEB SITEDISSEMINATION TO 7X24 FOCAL POINTS BY GTS, EMAIL, FAX, SMS, WEB SITE PHONE CALL TO NEAREST FOCAL POINTS IF A WARNING OR WATCHPHONE CALL TO NEAREST FOCAL POINTS IF A WARNING OR WATCH

14. WHAT WILL PTWC PROVIDE ROUTINE COMMUNICATIONS TESTSROUTINE COMMUNICATIONS TESTS COMMUNICATIONS PLAN DESCRIBING OPERATIONS PROCEDURESCOMMUNICATIONS PLAN DESCRIBING OPERATIONS PROCEDURES CONTINUED ENGAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL CARIBBEAN TWSCONTINUED ENGAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL CARIBBEAN TWS

15. WHAT MUST MEMBER STATES PROVIDE 7X24 FOCAL POINTS (KEPT UP TO DATE)7X24 FOCAL POINTS (KEPT UP TO DATE) PROCEDURES FOR ACTION IN RESPONSE TO BULLETINSPROCEDURES FOR ACTION IN RESPONSE TO BULLETINS FORECAST POINTSFORECAST POINTS RESPONSE TO COMMUNICATION TESTSRESPONSE TO COMMUNICATION TESTS ASSISTANCE WITH FIELD SITES (SEISMIC, SEA LEVEL, GPS)ASSISTANCE WITH FIELD SITES (SEISMIC, SEA LEVEL, GPS) CONTINUED ENGAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL CARIBBEAN TWSCONTINUED ENGAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL CARIBBEAN TWS LONG TERM COMMITMENTLONG TERM COMMITMENT

16. 7X24 FOCAL POINT(S) INFORMATION (to be collected and maintained by the ICG Secretariat) NAME OF FOCAL POINT AGENCY/OFFICENAME OF FOCAL POINT AGENCY/OFFICE OFFLINE CONTACT PERSON FOR THAT OFFICEOFFLINE CONTACT PERSON FOR THAT OFFICE MAILING ADDRESSMAILING ADDRESS 7X24 PHONE AND ALTERNATE PHONE(S)7X24 PHONE AND ALTERNATE PHONE(S) PRIMARY CONTACT METHOD (GTS, FAX, EMAIL, SMS, EMWIN)PRIMARY CONTACT METHOD (GTS, FAX, EMAIL, SMS, EMWIN) SECONDARY CONTACT METHODSECONDARY CONTACT METHOD

17. TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 001 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 0117Z 11 APR 2005 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE CARIBBEAN.... TSUNAMI INFORMATION BULLETIN... THIS MESSAGE IS FOR INFORMATION ONLY. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME - 0100Z 11 APR 2005 COORDINATES - 13.0 NORTH 59.5 WEST LOCATION - BARBADOS MAGNITUDE - 6.7 Sample Tsunami Information Bulletin

18. EVALUATION A DESTRUCTIVE WIDESPREAD TSUNAMI THREAT DOES NOT EXIST BASED ON HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI DATA. HOWEVER - THERE IS A VERY SMALL POSSIBILITY OF A LOCAL TSUNAMI THAT COULD AFFECT COASTS LOCATED USUALLY NO MORE THAN A HUNDRED KILOMETERS FROM THE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER. AUTHORITIES IN - BARBADOS SHOULD BE MADE AWARE OF THIS POSSIBILITY AND TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION. THIS WILL BE THE ONLY BULLETIN ISSUED BY THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER FOR THIS EVENT UNLESS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. Sample Tsunami Information Bulletin (cont)

19. TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 002 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 0354Z 11 APR 2005 THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.... A LOCAL TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT... A TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT FOR INDONESIA FOR OTHER AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION, THIS MESSAGE IS AN ADVISORY ONLY. AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS ORIGIN TIME - 0100Z 11 APR 2005 COORDINATES - 1.3 NORTH 97.5 EAST LOCATION - NORTHERN SUMATERA INDONESIA MAGNITUDE - 7.2 Sample Local Tsunami Watch Supplement

20. MEASUREMENTS OR REPORTS OF TSUNAMI WAVE ACTIVITY GAUGE LOCATION LAT LON TIME AMPL PER ------------------- ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- MALE 4.2N 73.5E 0448Z 0.19M 14MIN COLOMBO 6.9N 79.8E 0345Z 0.15M 22MIN TIME - TIME OF THE MEASUREMENT AMPL - AMPLITUDE IN METERS FROM MIDDLE TO CREST OR MIDDLE TO TROUGH OR HALF OF THE CREST TO TROUGH PER - PERIOD OF TIME FROM ONE WAVE CREST TO THE NEXT EVALUATION SEA LEVEL READINGS INDICATE A TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED. IT MAY HAVE BEEN DESTRUCTIVE ALONG COASTS NEAR THE EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER. FOR THOSE AREAS - WHEN DAMAGING WAVES HAVE NOT OCCURRED FOR AT LEAST TWO HOURS THEN LOCAL AUTHORITIES CAN ASSUME THE THREAT IS PASSED. DANGER TO BOATS AND COASTAL STRUCTURES CAN CONTINUE FOR SEVERAL HOURS DUE TO RAPID CURRENTS. AS LOCAL CONDITIONS CAN CAUSE A WIDE VARIATION IN TSUNAMI WAVE ACTION THE ALL CLEAR DETERMINATION MUST BE MADE BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES. NO TSUNAMI THREAT EXISTS FOR OTHER COASTAL AREAS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN ALTHOUGH SOME OTHER AREAS MAY EXPERIENCE SMALL SEA LEVEL CHANGES. DUE TO ONLY LIMITED SEA LEVEL DATA FROM THE REGION IT IS NOT POSSIBLE FOR THIS CENTER TO RAPIDLY NOR ACCURATELY EVALUATE THE THE STRENGTH OF A TSUNAMI IF ONE HAS BEEN GENERATED. Sample Local Tsunami Watch Supplement (cont)

21. ESTIMATED INITIAL TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVAL TIMES. ACTUAL ARRIVAL TIMES MAY DIFFER AND THE INITIAL WAVE MAY NOT BE THE LARGEST. THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE TSUNAMI WAVES CAN BE FIVE MINUTES TO ONE HOUR. LOCATION COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME -------------------------------- ------------ ------------ INDONESIA SIMEULUE 2.5N 96.0E 0134Z 11 APR SIBERUT 1.5S 98.7E 0144Z 11 APR PADANG 0.9S 100.1E 0214Z 11 APR BANDA ACEH 5.5N 95.1E 0223Z 11 APR BENGKULU 3.9S 102.0E 0238Z 11 APR BANDAR LAMPUNG 6.0S 105.5E 0338Z 11 APR CILACAP 7.8S 108.9E 0351Z 11 APR BALI 9.0S 115.5E 0433Z 11 APR BELAWAN 3.8N 98.8E 0544Z 11 APR KUPANG 10.0S 123.4E 0549Z 11 APR THIS WILL BE THE FINAL BULLETIN ISSUED BY THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER FOR THIS EVENT UNLESS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. THE JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY MAY ISSUE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR THIS EVENT. Sample Local Tsunami Watch Supplement (cont)

22. PTWC Preliminary Forecast Points

23. FORECAST POINTS USED TO DETERMINE IF AN AREA IS IN A WATCHUSED TO DETERMINE IF AN AREA IS IN A WATCH TSUNAMI ETA’S FOR FORECAST POINTS GIVEN IN BULLETINS IF AREA IS IN A WATCHTSUNAMI ETA’S FOR FORECAST POINTS GIVEN IN BULLETINS IF AREA IS IN A WATCH PRELIMINARY ONES TAKEN FROM ATLAS – NEEDS REVIEW BY MEMBER STATESPRELIMINARY ONES TAKEN FROM ATLAS – NEEDS REVIEW BY MEMBER STATES SHOULD BE RECOGNIZABLE PLACESSHOULD BE RECOGNIZABLE PLACES NEED ADEQUATE COVERAGE OF COASTS - ONE EVERY FEW HUNDRED KILOMETERSNEED ADEQUATE COVERAGE OF COASTS - ONE EVERY FEW HUNDRED KILOMETERS NOT TOO MANY OR BULLETINS TOO LONGNOT TOO MANY OR BULLETINS TOO LONG

24. TEST...TSUNAMI DUMMY – COMMUNICATIONS TEST...TEST PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 0315Z 11 APR 2005 FROM: PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER IN EWA BEACH HAWAII TO: TSUNAMI FOCAL POINTS FOR THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION AUSTRALIA – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT BANGLADESH – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT FRANCE – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT INDIA – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT INDONESIA – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT IRAN – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT KENYA – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT MADAGASCAR – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT MALAYSIA – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT MALDIVES – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT MAURITIUS – NAME OF DESIGNATED FOCAL POINT. --- ALL OTHERS PLEASE DISREGARD --- Sample Communication Test

25. SUBJECT: TSUNAMI DUMMY (COMMUNICATION TEST). THIS IS A TEST TO VERIFY COMMUNICATION LINKS AND DETERMINE TRANSMISSION TIMES INVOLVED IN DISSEMINATION OF TSUNAMI ADVISORY INFORMATION TO THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION. RECIPIENTS ARE REQUESTED TO PLEASE RESPOND BACK TO THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER. THE RESPONSE SHOULD INCLUDE 1 - NAME OF OFFICE THAT RECEIVED THIS TEST 2 - METHOD OR METHODS BY WHICH OFFICE RECEIVED THIS TEST 3 - INCLUDE EMAIL ADDRESS OR FAX NUMBER OF EACH METHOD 3 - TIME OF RECEIPT OF THIS TEST BY EACH METHOD PLEASE RESPOND VIA ONE OF THE FOLLOWING EMAIL - PTWC@PTWC.NOAA.GOV TELEFAX - 808-689-4543 THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION IN THIS COMMUNICATION TEST. Sample Communication Test (cont)

26. Values projected from Harvard CMT Catalog 2500 Events ---------------- 23 Destructive Local Tsunamis Cumulative Events per Century  Mw Value Moment Magnitude, Mw Information Bulletin Mw = 6.5-7.5 Fixed 1000km Regional Warning Mw = 7.6-7.8 Expanding 3+3 hour Regional Warning/Watch Mw > 7.8 150 Events ---------------- 20 Destructive Local or Regional Tsunamis 100 Events ---------------- 30 Destructive Local or Regional Tsunamis 8 Tele- Tsunamis

27. THE GENERAL CONCEPT PTWC Designated Government Authority Public Threat Evaluation Evacuation Decision DATAMESSAGEALERT Safety Response

28. TWO GENERAL CASES Local Tsunami Must Respond in Minutes from Earthquake No Time for Official Decisions Immediate Public Alerting Necessary Automatic Public Evacuation Required Regional or Teletsunami Must Respond within a Few Hours at Most More Time for Official Decisions More Time to Alert and Instruct Public Organized Evacuation Possible

29. HAWAII EVENT ALARMS TYPEDATATIMING Big Island Amplitude CREST Broadband 20-30 sec Automatic Loc & Mag PTWC and HVO SP 20-30 sec HON SP/LPPTWC HON SP & LP 1 min RunupRunup Detectors 2-10 min Coastal Sea Level NOS Gauges 5-10 min Deep Ocean Sea Level Hawaii DART 5-10 min SEISMIC SEA LEVEL

30. OPS CENTER QUARTERS 1 QUARTERS 2 QUARTERS 5 QUARTERS 3 QUARTERS 4 NOW:30 SEC DURING NORMAL WORK HOURS 2 MIN DURING AFTER HOURS (FM QUARTERS) 2006: 30 SEC AT ALL TIMES (24X7 STAFFING) RESPONSE TIME TO ALARMS

31. ANALYSTS REVIEW & REVISION (1-3 MIN) VERIFY ITS AN ACTUAL LOCAL EARTHQUAKE.VERIFY ITS AN ACTUAL LOCAL EARTHQUAKE. SELECT FROM AUTOMATIC HYPOCENTERS.SELECT FROM AUTOMATIC HYPOCENTERS. REVISE HYPOCENTER WITH ADDITIONAL DATA.REVISE HYPOCENTER WITH ADDITIONAL DATA. INTERACTIVELY COMPUTE MAGNITUDES.INTERACTIVELY COMPUTE MAGNITUDES. DECIDE BEST HYPOCENTER AND MAGNITUDE.DECIDE BEST HYPOCENTER AND MAGNITUDE. CHECK RUNUP AND SEA LEVEL DATA.CHECK RUNUP AND SEA LEVEL DATA. COMPARE TO CRITERIA AND ISSUE MESSAGE.COMPARE TO CRITERIA AND ISSUE MESSAGE.

32. Mag 4 - 6.8Earthquake Message Only Mag 4 - 6.8 with runup or coastal gauge signal Warning to nearest counties Mw 6.9 – 7.5Warning to nearest counties Mw > 7.5Statewide Warning Confirmed Major Local Tsunami Statewide Warning HAWAII BULLETIN CRITERIA

33. ISSUE MESSAGE & ALERT PUBLIC Public Voice HAWASEMAIL Text State & County Emer Ops State & County Warning Pts Honolulu Forecast Office FAXNWRSIRENSEAS PTWC

34. The Public must be educated to respond immediately based upon having felt shaking from the earthquake and upon hearing sirens, EAS, or NWR alerts. There is no time to verify the warning or wait for instructions.

35. PACIFIC EVENT ALARMS TYPEDATATIMING Big Island Amplitude GSN / IMS Broadband 2-7 min Automatic Loc & Mag PTWC and HVO SP 5-15 min HON LPPTWC HON LP 7-20 min Coastal Sea Level NOS Gauges 15 min – 1 hour* Deep Ocean Sea Level Hawaii DART 15 min – 2 hours* SEISMIC SEA LEVEL * for areas with coverage

36. OPS CENTER QUARTERS 1 QUARTERS 2 QUARTERS 5 QUARTERS 3 QUARTERS 4 NOW:30 SEC DURING NORMAL WORK HOURS 2 MIN DURING AFTER HOURS (FM QUARTERS) 2006: 30 SEC AT ALL TIMES (24X7 STAFFING) RESPONSE TIME TO ALARMS

37. ANALYSTS REVIEW & REVISION (1-3 MIN) VERIFY ITS A LARGE PACIFIC EARTHQUAKE.VERIFY ITS A LARGE PACIFIC EARTHQUAKE. SELECT FROM AUTOMATIC HYPOCENTERS.SELECT FROM AUTOMATIC HYPOCENTERS. REVISE HYPOCENTER WITH ADDITIONAL DATA.REVISE HYPOCENTER WITH ADDITIONAL DATA. INTERACTIVELY COMPUTE MAGNITUDES.INTERACTIVELY COMPUTE MAGNITUDES. DECIDE BEST HYPOCENTER AND MAGNITUDE.DECIDE BEST HYPOCENTER AND MAGNITUDE. COMPARE TO CRITERIA AND ISSUE MESSAGE.COMPARE TO CRITERIA AND ISSUE MESSAGE.

38. Mw less than 6.5 (Mw: Moment Magnitude) Earthquake Message Only Mw 6.5 to 7.5Tsunami Information Bulletin Mw 7.6 to 7.8Regional Tsunami Warning Mw > 7.8Expanding Warning / Watch Confirmed Teletsunami Pacific-Wide Warning PACIFIC INITIAL BULLETIN CRITERIA

39. SUBSEQUENT BULLETINS DECISION SUPPORT Additional Seismic Parameters Coastal Sea Level Readings DART Readings Reliable Reports Historical Data Forecast Models DECISIONS Upgrade to Warning Continue Warning Expand Warning Cancel Warning

40. ISSUE MESSAGE & ALERT PUBLIC Public GTS Text Hawaii Civil Defense US Interests in the Pacific Designated Agencies of Countries AFTNRADIOSIRENSTV PTWC FAXEMAILEMWINRAYNETTALK

41. Designated Agencies must be prepared with an Operations Plan to respond quickly and alert the public when necessary based upon the information received from PTWC and any supplemental data or information they may receive. This could include advice from local experts.

42. 100% OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY POWER: All operational systems on a central UPS backed up by a generator with one week of fuel.POWER: All operational systems on a central UPS backed up by a generator with one week of fuel. CENTER HARDWARE: Hardware duplicated into primary and redundant systems.CENTER HARDWARE: Hardware duplicated into primary and redundant systems. DATA SOURCES: Seismic and sea level data come from multiple sources.DATA SOURCES: Seismic and sea level data come from multiple sources. DATA COMMUNICATIONS: Data is sent to PTWC over multiple links whenever possible.DATA COMMUNICATIONS: Data is sent to PTWC over multiple links whenever possible.

43. 100% OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY DATA PROCESSING: Multiple algorithms for EQ detection, alerting, locations, magnitudes, and model guidance.DATA PROCESSING: Multiple algorithms for EQ detection, alerting, locations, magnitudes, and model guidance. MESSAGING: Multiple dissemination methods to reach designated contact points by multiple means.MESSAGING: Multiple dissemination methods to reach designated contact points by multiple means. DUTY PERSONS: Two persons always on duty on the Center compound.DUTY PERSONS: Two persons always on duty on the Center compound. BACKUP CENTER: PTWC and WC/ATWC provide backup service for each other.BACKUP CENTER: PTWC and WC/ATWC provide backup service for each other.

44. LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY NATIONAL SUPPORT: National commitment to Center operations. As a part of the US National Weather Service, certain resources and expertise are shared with this organization that also does 24x7 monitoring of the environment and issues advisories, watches, and warnings.NATIONAL SUPPORT: National commitment to Center operations. As a part of the US National Weather Service, certain resources and expertise are shared with this organization that also does 24x7 monitoring of the environment and issues advisories, watches, and warnings. ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT: Organizations of stakeholders such as ITSU (international), NTHMP (national), and TTRC (local) that include emergency managers, warning center operators, and scientists provide authoritative sustained focus on tsunami issues.ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT: Organizations of stakeholders such as ITSU (international), NTHMP (national), and TTRC (local) that include emergency managers, warning center operators, and scientists provide authoritative sustained focus on tsunami issues.

45. LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY MULTI-FUNCTION SEISMIC: Seismic stations operated by multiple organizations for multiple purposes including earthquake monitoring, volcano monitoring, and geophysical research.MULTI-FUNCTION SEISMIC: Seismic stations operated by multiple organizations for multiple purposes including earthquake monitoring, volcano monitoring, and geophysical research. MULTI-FUNCTION SEA LEVEL: Sea level stations operated by multiple organizations for multiple purposes including tides, storm surge, El Niño, and long-term sea level rise.MULTI-FUNCTION SEA LEVEL: Sea level stations operated by multiple organizations for multiple purposes including tides, storm surge, El Niño, and long-term sea level rise. MULTI-FUNCTION COMMUNICATIONS: Data communications methods shared when possible. Message disseminations over multi-purpose circuits such as GTS, AFTN, EMWIN.MULTI-FUNCTION COMMUNICATIONS: Data communications methods shared when possible. Message disseminations over multi-purpose circuits such as GTS, AFTN, EMWIN.

46. LONG TERM READINESS FREQUENT ALARMS: Duty staff respond to one or two earthquakes per day on averageFREQUENT ALARMS: Duty staff respond to one or two earthquakes per day on average FREQUENT BULLETINS: Bulletin criteria set so system is exercised regularly.FREQUENT BULLETINS: Bulletin criteria set so system is exercised regularly. Pacific:Mw >= 6.5~2 events/month Hawaii:ml > 4.0~1 event/month COMMUNICATION TESTS: Monthly communication tests with response required ensure communication links working and reinforce readiness.COMMUNICATION TESTS: Monthly communication tests with response required ensure communication links working and reinforce readiness. EXERCISES: Tabletop and more realistic exercises expose weaknesses and provide practice.EXERCISES: Tabletop and more realistic exercises expose weaknesses and provide practice.

47. 17 November 2003: SIFT Match of Waveforms of Generation-Propagation Model and Tsunameter

48. Real Time Detection of November 17, 2003 Tsunami Tsunami Seismic

50. Challenge: Source Detection and Characterization Fill gaps in seismic coverageFill gaps in seismic coverage Faster Parameters – Source Mechanism and Slip DistributionFaster Parameters – Source Mechanism and Slip Distribution More accurately define the tsunami from the source parametersMore accurately define the tsunami from the source parameters Non-seismic sources – landslides, submarine slumps, volcanoes, meteorsNon-seismic sources – landslides, submarine slumps, volcanoes, meteors

51. Challenge: Wave Detection and Characterization Fill gaps in Coastal coverageFill gaps in Coastal coverage Fill gaps in Deep Ocean coverageFill gaps in Deep Ocean coverage Design Affordable and Sustainable GaugesDesign Affordable and Sustainable Gauges Find Alternate Methods for Wave Detection and MeasurementFind Alternate Methods for Wave Detection and Measurement

52. Challenge: Accurate Forecasting Models / methodologies need verificationModels / methodologies need verification Forecasts need confidence limitsForecasts need confidence limits Forecast must be produced quicklyForecast must be produced quickly Ingest and incorporate new measurements as they arriveIngest and incorporate new measurements as they arrive

53. Challenge: Warning Dissemination Need to be able to quickly alert an unsuspecting public at any time of day or night to an impending tsunamiNeed to be able to quickly alert an unsuspecting public at any time of day or night to an impending tsunami Need to provide instructions on what to doNeed to provide instructions on what to do Need to disseminate properly crafted message so public will react correctly to save their livesNeed to disseminate properly crafted message so public will react correctly to save their lives

54. THANK YOU