2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Chapter 11 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Leo Kanner, 1943, first described autism  Asperger syndrome named for Hans Asperger  Early belief in “refrigerator mothers”  1981 – Lorna Wing distinguished autism and Asperger syndrome  1990 – autism category added to IDEA

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Difficulty interacting with others, including lack of eye contact  Verbal and nonverbal communication deficits including limited vocabulary, echolalia, echopraxia, and neologisms  Rigid and restrictive behavioral repertoire and imaginative skills  Repetitive and stereotypic behaviors  Reduced sensitivity to pain Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Autistic Disorder (Autism)  Asperger Syndrome  Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  1 in 88 children today are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders.  Autism is the most rapidly growing disorder  Greater awareness  Improved identification  Awareness that it exists across all IQ levels  5:1 males to females have autism  9:1 males to females have Asperger Syndrome Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Dr. Bernard Rimland introduces terminology  About 10% of the population with autism have splintering skills in areas such as  Mathematical calculations  Memory feats  Artistic and musical abilities  Reading  Hyperlexia– ability to read without formal instruction

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Difficulty relating to others Wide range of language and communication disorders Insistence on environmental sameness Stereotypic, repetitive, self-stimulatory behaviors

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Cognitive abilities vary widely  Over-reliance on rote memory  Lacking a theory of mind  Problem solving challenges

10. (Figure 11.1) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Language disorders Problems with communicative intent Asperger language problems Immaturity

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Stimulus overselectivity  Self-stimulatory behaviors  Generalization difficulties  Sensory issues

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Intellectual  75 % of individuals with autism have mental retardation; IQ norms between 35-50  Behavioral  Behavior screening examples  Childhood Autism Rating Scale; Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI)  Functional behavior assessment  Required by IDEA  Functional Assessment  Measures skills needed for independent living

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 BiologicalBrain-BasedEnvironmental May be inheritedAbnormalities in cerebellum Controversy over immunization Higher frequency of siblings with autism Abnormalities in frontal and temporal lobes No single gene responsible

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006”

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders Typical Programs Often Include:  Intervention prior to age 3  20 – 45 hours of intervention weekly  Active family involvement  Focus on communication and development  Individualized interventions

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Provide structure and routine.  Eventually give child choices.  Organize materials and areas of the room for specific skills to be taught.  Help child prepare for transitions.  Use visual schedules to predict and improve communication.  Plan for peer/group work. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Environmental supports  Visual supports  Home base  Assistive technology  Instructional practices  Priming - familiarize students with academic material ahead of time  Discrete trial training (DDT) - highly specialized approach to teaching skills  Prompting - providing physical or verbal cues to specific behaviors

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Applied Behavior Analysis (Lovaas) Discrete Trial Training (DTT) (1) Discriminative Stimulus (SD) - the trainer's command (2) the child's response (3) the consequence (reward) (4) a short pause between the consequence and the next instruction (between interval trials).

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders “Copyright© Allyn & Bacon 2006” Psychological and Medical Services FFloor time (Greenspan) SSensory Perception Programs address issues of tactile defensiveness or extreme reaction to auditory stimulus MMedications used to alleviate symptoms such as aggression, anxiety, or obsessive compulsive disorder, ADHD FFacilitated Communication (not effective)

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Manual sign language  PECS: Picture Exchange Communication System

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Instruction in social skills  Social stories  SOCCSS  Situation  Options  Consequences  Choices  Strategies  Simulation

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008Chapter 12: Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders  Teach work skills  Teach self-help skills  Teach play, leisure and recreation skills  Teach social skills  Teach sex education  Teach home management skills