2. Submitted by Kadir Çakar
A Proposed Model of Pro-Act Approach for Tourists’ Destination Choice: Pro-Act Decision Making Model in Difficult Times from Consumer Perspective
Submitted by
Kadir Çakar

3. Content Aims of the Study Introduction Pro-Act Approach Results
Discussion and Conclusion
References

4. Aims of the Study
To investigate how consumers manage risk and uncertainty in a time of crises that travelers may potentially experience during their decision-making process;
To explore that to what extent Pro-Act approach is applicable for individual decision-making process in difficult times in terms of destination choice;
To simplify decision-making process in difficult times in regards to selection of vacation destinations and hotels by offering Pro-Act approach;
To propose a unique theoretical model that can be put into practiced regarding individual decision-making;
To justify if tourist behavior exhibits itself as reactive or proactive during decision-making in a time of crises.

5. Introduction
Decision-making is seen problematic issue from tourists’ perspectives in a time of crises.
Considerable attention is given to the decision-making process to overcome challenges that travelers often face.
Hong et al.(2009) distinguishes types of decision-making process into three phases: nominal, extended and limited decision-making.
Choi et al.(2012) deals with decision-making process within the context of multidimensionality, sequential nature and hierarchical dimensions.

6. Introduction (cont’d)
There is a strong relationship between past travel experience and future travel behavior.
The degree of safety and issue of risk perception play significant role in shaping future travel choices.
Information (word-of-mouth) is assumed as the most influential element for making decisions.
Identifying decision-making process over the concept of Pro-Act approach generates the originality of the present study.

7. Pro-Act Approach
Problem: In this stage the current problem is determined precisely.
Objectives: This phase includes a list of particular tourist destinations and holiday characteristics as well.
Alternatives: Better options would only come true by identifying alternatives.
Consequences: This stage shows degree to what extent selected objectives and alternatives meet the expectations.
Trade-Offs: In this stage, to meet the needs final decision is made by sacrificing alternatives for ideal one.

8. Results
This research sought to provide insight regarding decision-making process over the concept of extended problem solving rather than limited problem solving one through Pro-Act approach.
In the present study, Pro-Act approach is an attempt to fill the gap in the extant literature by providing multipurpose and hierarchical decision-making model to overcome challenges that travelers face in difficult times.
Moreover, Pro-Act approach makes more clear and understandable on how to cope with problems after emergence of detrimental issues in determining holiday or vacation decision.

9. Discussion & Conclusion
The purpose of the present study was to offer a Pro-Act model that can be adapted to the individual decision-making process within the context of tourist destination choice.
Results of the study supports that the Pro-Act approach can be applied for selection of destination choice in a time of crises.
Pro-Act approach can be assessed as useful and helpful tool to mitigate risks and uncertainties during the course of decision-making process.
The results have revealed that tourist behavior is more likely prone to show proactive approach rather than reactive during the decision-making process in difficult times.

10. References
Choi, S., Lehto Y.X., and Morrison M. A. (2012). Structure of Travel Planning Processes and Information Use Patterns, Journal of Travel Research, Vol.51, No.1:
Cooper, C. (2005). Tourism Consumer Behaviour in Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilberth, D., Wanhill, S., Tourism. (eds.), Tourism-Principles and Practice, Third Edition, Prentice Hall:
Hammond, S.J, Keeney L.R., and Raiffa H. (1999). Smart Choices: A Practical Guide to Making Better Decisions, USA, Harvard Business Review Press.
Hong, K.S., Lee W.S., Lee S., and Jang H. (2009). Selecting Revisited Destinations, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.36, No.2:
Murphy, L., Mascardo G., and Benckendorff P. (2007). Exploring Word-of-Mouth Influences on Travel Decisions: Friends and Relatives vs. Other Travellers, International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31:
Sönmez, F.S., and Graefe A. (1998). Determining Future Travel Behaviour from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 37, No.2:
Throop, K.R., and Castellucci B.M. (2010). Reaching Your Potential: Personal and Professional Development; USA, Wadsworth Cengage Learning.