2. Chemistry of Life / Biochemistry

3. The Scientific Method is a logical problem solving system that scientists are expected to use as they conduct research. This same method also has very practical use in everyday life. 1.________________ 2.________________ 3.________________ 4.________________ 5.________________ 6.________________

4.  __________ factors are environmental factors that are associated with or result from the activities of _________________ which includes plants, animals, dead organisms, and the waste products of organisms.  __________ factors are environmental factors that are ______ associated with the activities of living organisms which includes air, water, rocks, and temperature.  Scientists can organize these living and nonliving things into various levels.

5. 1. ________________ – all living things are made of cells. 2. ________________ – all organisms take natural materials and organize them in a complex way. 3. ________________ – all living things use energy = Metabolism. 4. ________________ - all living things maintain stable internal conditions. 5. ________________ – all living things grow from cell division and cell enlargement. 6. ________________ – essential for the continuation of the species.

6. Matter, Energy, Organization: - A constant supply of energy is needed to maintain the highly organized structure of organisms. - __________________ supplies almost all of the energy for life on earth.

7. Matter – anything that occupies _________ _________________. Mass - the amount of __________________. - Mass and weight are not the same. Gravity has an impact on weight. - The same mass on the earth would weigh less on the moon because less gravity on moon.

8. Elements – __________________ – cannot be broken down into simpler types of matter. Examples: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen – these four make up more than 90% of the mass of all living things!

9. Atom – _____________________________that retains all of the element’s properties.

10. 1. ______________ = _________________ – consists of protons (+) and neutrons (0). NOTE: #of protons determines the atom’s identity. 2. ______________(-) orbit in energy levels or “shells” around the nucleus.

11. States of Matter – ______, ______, _______ ….depends on the motion of molecules. Ex.) Water – temperature makes molecules move at different rates and turns water to solid, liquid, or gas.

12. Compound – a _______________ made up of ____ _______________. Exs.) water – H ₂ 0, ammonia – NH ₃, glucose – C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆.

13. Molecule – the ____________________________ (compound) that retains ___________________ _____________ and can exist in a free state. Exs.) O ₂, O 3 H ₂ O, CO ₂, DNA, protein. See page 33 in book for bonding info:

14. Organic Compounds – made within living systems. A key feature is the presence of ___________ in organic compounds.

15. 4 Main Classes of Organics Compounds 1. ___________ 2. ____________ (DNA, RNA). 3. ________________ 4. ___________

16. Carbohydrates – made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…….hydrogen and oxygen are always in a 2 to 1 ratio. **There are 3 classes of Carbs. 1. Monosaccharides 2. Dissacharides 3. Polysaccharidessugars

17.  Proteins – organic compounds made mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

18. Enzymes – most are proteins. 1,000’s act as ______________________ – help many reactions take place. Ex.) Lactase is an enzyme that helps us digest Lactose (milk sugar). If a person lacks this enzyme, they are lactose intolerant and get sick when they consume dairy products. Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme and the substrate (the reactant being catalyzed)

19. Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) – Large, non-polar, do not dissolve in water. They have a higher ratio of carbon/hydrogen : oxygen than carbohydrates. -Lipids store more energy than Carbs (9 calories/gram vs. 4 calories/gram in Carbs)

20. Nucleic Acids – store hereditary information – also known as the genetic code. Exs.) DNA, RNA. Nucleotides – monomer building blocks of nucleic acids. Made up of a sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base. See page 59.

21. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid (Deoxyribose is the sugar). Contains the master set of instructions to direct the cell’s activities. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid (Ribose is the sugar). Stores the information needed for making proteins.

22. Chemical Reaction – _________________________ _________________________________________.

23. Energy – ability to ____ _________________. Energy can change forms. Ex.) electrical can change to radiant and thermal (light bulb). Free Energy – energy available to do work.

24. Activation Energy – _________________________ _________________________.

25. Catalyst – reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a reaction. Ex.) ____________ act as catalysts. (see enzyme deficiency on page 37 in textbook.

26. Solution – a mixture in which ________________ _________________________________________ …..can be liquids, solids, or gases. Ex.) Blood = iron, water, oxygen, sugar, wastes Solute – a substance ______________ the solution. Solvent – a substance ________________________ _________________________.

27. Dissociation of Water Dissociation of Water : to break apart. Pure water is neutral - # of OH ⁻ and H ₃ O ⁺ ions are equal. Acid - # of H ₃ O ⁺ ions is greater than OH ⁻ ions. Ex.) Hydrogen chloride gas in water:

28. Bases (Alkaline) - #of OH ⁻ ions is greater than H ₃ O ⁺ ions. Ex.) Sodium Hydroxide dissolved in water: NaOH ↔ Na ⁺ + OH ⁻ OH ⁻ ions make the water basic or alkaline. pH Scale – __________________________________ __________________________________. pH – change in 1 pH unit = tenfold change in acidity/alkalinity. See figure 2-10, page 42 in book.