1. 1 of 40 Lecture 4-Neuroanatomy Walter Schneider When we talk about the brain we need to be able to identify and communicate clearly on what part of the brain we are discussing (slides contributed by Julie Fiez (U. Pittsburgh) & Rainer Goebel U. Maastricht, Henk Jansma (Brain Innovation)

2. 2 of 40 Here are a bunch of different brains. What do you notice?

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4. 4 of 40 How was each slice made? What major distinctions can you see? What do you think that they represent?

5. 5 of 40 What happens if we “zoom” in on the grey matter? How can we visualize the structure more clearly? What features can we observe?

6. 6 of 40 Is every piece of the cortex the same? How might different pieces of the brain be different?

7. 7 of 40 What did Joseph Gall (1758-1828) have right and wrong? How should this make today’s cognitive neuroscientists careful about what they say.

8. 8 of 40 Brain Stretching and Rotating Spatial normalization – why? Single subject level:  Integrating the results of multiple recording sessions of the same subject -> increased statistical power Multiple subject level:  Comparing results across different subjects, summarizing results at the group level  Attempt to generalize statistical analysis to the investigated group (fixed effects analysis) or to the population level (random effects). Statistics „runs“ over voxels of different subjects.  Running statistics over subjects is statistically effective only if spatial correspondence between brain areas has been established.

9. 9 of 40 Example of Talairach based Alignment

10. 10 of 40 Spatial mapping: approaches Spatial transformation of brains in Talairach space Pro: Widespread acceptance Cons: Rather crude alignment; requires spatial smoothing, which introduces, however, severe problems like blurring of functionally distinct areas and the suppression of significant small areas Region of Interest (ROI)-based alignment: Identification of functional areas by premapping experiments (e.g., FFA, PPA, V1,V2) Pro: Optimal statistical analysis possible Cons: Not easily applicapple in complex cognitive tasks, focuses on „known“ areas, not automatic

11. 11 of 40 Talairach reference system Talairach transformation uses 8 anatomical landmarks of a human brain for spatial normalization 1.Anterior Commissure AC 2.Posterior Commissure PC 3.Front AP 4.Back PP 5.Top SP 6.Bottom IP 7.Left 8.Right

12. 12 of 40 Defining 8 Anatomical Landmarks anterior commissure AC posterior commissurePC anterior pointAP posterior pointPP superior pointSP inferior pointIP right pointRP left pointLP

13. 13 of 40 Identifying Anterior and Posterior Commissure This is a reasonably easy to find location viable on anatomical scans providing a 0,0,0 mark for translation within the head Y Z X Y X Z

14. 14 of 40 Anterior & Posterior Commissure

15. 15 of 40 Axial View Anterior & Posterior Commissure

16. 16 of 40 Anterior Posterior Commissure Axial View DV 2.6 DV 0.0

17. 17 of 40 Flowchart for Talairach transformation ACPC- rotation Borders of cerebrum Talairach step 1 Talairach step 2

18. 18 of 40 Cortex Landmarking What kind of labels/landmarking are useful? How difficult are they to achieve reliably? How would the be used by different scientific communities Analogy identifying Pittsburgh as North America, Pennsylvania, Allegany County, Latitude: 40° 25.53' N Longitude: 79° 58.062' W, on the intersection of the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegany rivers, Intersection of I279 & I376, Old steel production center

19. 19 of 40 Cortex Landmarking Lobes – general areas Talairach – X,Y, Z location Gyri + Sulci – surface features Brodmann – anatomical numbering of areas Area numbering – based on multiple anatomical and or functional metrics (e.g., in vision V1, V2, V3, V3A, V4, TEO, TE MT)

20. 20 of 40 Notes on Learning Anatomy BrainTutor Human Brain Coloring Book Digital Atlas Physical Models Talairach Atlas Other Atlases NMI brain

21. 21 of 40 Damasio Labeling of areas

22. 22 of 40 Cortical Areas Damasio Brain Tutor – Goebel

23. 23 of 40 Brodmann Area Maps

24. 24 of 40 Brodmann Areas with BrainTutor Damasio Brain Tutor – Goebel

25. 25 of 40 V 2.0 BrainTutor Learning Anatomy V 1.0

26. 26 of 40 Orthographic Views

27. 27 of 40 Sliced Rendered Views

28. 28 of 40 Identify Gyrus and Sulcus 3D

29. 29 of 40 Colored Gyrus in Orthographic View

30. 30 of 40 Relating Talairach to Gyrus

31. 31 of 40 Homework Identifying Areas

32. 32 of 40 Example overlay on postcentral gyrus Homework Digital Coloring of Brain

33. 33 of 40 http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.html Digital Anatomist

34. 34 of 40 A Range of Displays

35. 35 of 40 Labeled Wet Brain

36. 36 of 40 Outlined Sections

37. 37 of 40 Outlined and labeled

38. 38 of 40 Labeled locations

39. 39 of 40 Digital Anatomist Cross Check http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/imageform

40. 40 of 40 Talairach Daemon Cross Check http://ric.uthscsa.edu/td_applet/

41. 41 of 40 Example of Brain Atlases TalairachMNI Montreal Neuro. Inst. Structural Image http://www.bic.mni.m cgill.ca/cgi/icbm_vie w/

42. 42 of 40 Summary It is important to accurately communicate and encode locations in the brain. There are multiple coding schemes (Talairach, Brodmann, Gyri + Sulci, ROI based (e.g., V1, FFA). You need to be able to understand all these methods. There are good tools available to idenify structures (particularly BrainTutor and Digital Anatomist). Note labeling takes some time to develop skill and there are areas of ambiguity.

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