1. Lecture 4 Basic Chemistry refresher & Macromolecules of all sorts

2. Latest model of an atom
02_01_atom.jpg
02_01_atom.jpg

3. 02_02_atomic number.jpg
Hydrogen -the simplest and smallest of all atoms
02_02_atomic number.jpg
Atomic number is the number of proton found in the nucleus

4. 02_03_mole.jpg
02_03_mole.jpg

5. 02_04_element abundance.jpg
The most abundant element in the human body is hydrogen
Why?
The most abundant element making the planet is oxygen
Why?
02_04_element abundance.jpg
02_04_element abundance.jpg

6. 02_05_chemical reactivity.jpg

7. 02_06_stable arrangement.jpg
Sharing bond
Giving bond

8. 02_07_periodic table.jpg Periodic Table of universal elements

9. 02_08_ionic bond.jpg Ionic bond between two elements

10. 02_09_covalent bond.jpg The stability of a covalent bond.
Remember that one needs to supply energy to get the two atoms close together in the first place
02_09_covalent bond.jpg
02_09_covalent bond.jpg

11. 02_10_geometries.jpg Properties of the most common bioelements
Hydrogen
Just one
02_10_geometries.jpg

12. A single bond allows rotation of the atoms either side,
whereas a double bond does not
02_11_C-C double bonds.jpg
02_11_C-C double bonds.jpg

13. 02_12_polar covalent.jpg The angle of the bond is very important
It may make a molecule polar, or…
02_12_polar covalent.jpg
…non-polar

14. Proteins rely very heavily on this molecular polarity (as well as other
Forces) to function correctly
02_13_Proteins bind.jpg
02_13_Proteins bind.jpg

15. 02_14_Protons on move.jpg Atoms can be on the move constantly…

16. 02_15_organic molecules.jpg
What is life made of…
ATOMS
MOLECULES
SPECIAL MOLECULES
02_15_organic molecules.jpg
02_15_organic molecules.jpg
These are the four organic classes of molecules

17. 02_16_glucose structure.jpg
Glucose has this structure
02_16_glucose structure.jpg
02_16_glucose structure.jpg

18. Life systems are constantly making and breaking bonds
02_17_disaccharide.jpg
02_17_disaccharide.jpg

19. Macromolecules Macro = huge Amino acids can build into huge molecules
So can carbohydrates
So may nucleic acids
There is theoretical limit to the size of these

20. There are three major types of biological macromolecules in mammalian systems.
1. Carbohydrates
2. Nucleic acids
3. Proteins
Our tasty friends, fats, do not make the grade because they do not form these immense complexes

21. FATS
Here are some important facts about fats…

22. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats
Fact: we all need fats.
Fats helps nutrient absorption, nerve transmission, maintaining cell membrane integrity etc.
However, when consumed in excess amount, fats contribute to weight gain, heart disease and certain types of cancer.
Fats are not created equal.
Some fats promote our health positively while some increase our risks of heart disease and other ailments.

23. Bad Fats Saturated Fats
Saturated fats raise total blood cholesterol as well as LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol). Saturated fats are mainly found in animal products such as meat, dairy, eggs and seafood. Some plant foods are also high in saturated fats such as coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil.

24. Bad Fats 2
Trans Fats
Trans fats are invented as scientists began to "hydrogenate" liquid oils so that they can withstand better in food production process and provide a better shelf life.
As a result of hydrogenation, trans fatty acids are formed.
Trans fatty acids are found in many commercially packaged foods, commercially fried food such as French Fries from some fast food chains, other packaged snacks such as microwaved popcorn as well as in vegetable shortening and hard stick margarine.

25. Good Fat Monounsaturated Fats Have just one double bond.
Monounsaturated fats lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) and increase the HDL cholesterol (the good cholesterol).
Nut, canola and olive oils are high in monounsaturated fats.

26. Good Fat 2 Polyunsaturated Fats Have two or more double bonds.
Polyunsaturated fats also lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
Seafood like salmon and fish oil, as well as corn, soy, safflower and sunflower oils are high in polyunsaturated fats.
Omega 3 fatty acids belong to this group.

27. 02_18_Fatty acids.jpg
02_18_Fatty acids.jpg

28. 02_19_fatty side chains.jpg

29. 02_20_lipid membranes.jpg
02_20_lipid membranes.jpg

30. 02_21_Alanine.jpg
02_21_Alanine.jpg

31. 02_22_peptide bonds.jpg
02_22_peptide bonds.jpg

32. Nucleotides
DNA and RNA are the two nucleic acids that come to mind first
However, there are many other uses for these important compounds….

33. 02_23_ATP.jpg ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate - made of ribose sugar
This is the most important molecule for ready energy storage - it can be considered to be the cells’ battery
02_23_ATP.jpg
02_23_ATP.jpg

34. 02_24_energy carrier.jpg
02_24_energy carrier.jpg

35. 02_25_nucleotide residues.jpg

36. By weight 25% of total bacterial cell contents are macromolecules.
They are essential in dictating the character of the cell type, ie. E.coli, Salmonella, heart cells, liver cells, brain cells, etc.
02_26_Macromolecules.jpg

37. 02_27_monomeric subunits.jpg
Irrespective of the type of biological macromolecule being made they have a common construction theme:
A subunit is added one at a time by a repetitive enzymatic process
02_27_monomeric subunits.jpg
02_27_monomeric subunits.jpg
However, unlike a bottle factory, where the same robot performs the identical function, with these biological systems the subunits have to be added in a set sequence because we have more than one flavour!
4 subunits in NA; 20 subunits in P’; many many in polysaccarides

38. Revision Question - What is this process called?
02_28_adding subunits.jpg
By design, macromolecule construction occurs by the addition of the incoming subunit to just one end of the growing molecule, ie. DNA growth only takes place at the 3’OH end of an existing DNA strand.
02_28_adding subunits.jpg
These processes are common to the construction of all these macromolecules. YOU MUST REMEMBER THEM!

39. WOW!
Due to these differencing subunits there is the potential to make many many alternative polymers. Consider:
Proteins
A protein of just 200 amino acids
We have 20 amino acids to choose from each time
There are then possible possible combinations!
DNA
10,000 base DNA molecule
We have just 4 different base types to choose from
There are then possible possible combinations

40. More molecular interactions
We learnt that there are 3 types of atomic interactions between atoms. ACTUALLY there are other forces too;
van der Waals attractions -
weaker than hydrogen bonds
attraction between closely located atoms
Hydrophobic interactions -
weakest of all
3 dimensional structure of water forces hydrophobic groups together
Oil in water

41. Most P’s and RNA molecules have a stable confirmation which they adopt readily and it is dictated by their primary sequence.
02_31_protein fold.jpg

42. 02_32_Noncovalent bonds.jpg
E.g. immunoglobulins (Abs). Heavy chain and light chain are made in various locations and combine readily together.

43. 02_33_macro complexes.jpg
02_33_macro complexes.jpg

44. Study Requirements Essential Concepts
At the end of each chapter there are two resources:
Essential Concepts
You are required to learn each of these facts for every chapter that we cover (These concepts are essential!)
Key Terms
You are required to know the definition of each of these regardless of the fact that they did or did not appear on my PowerPoint slides (one needs to be familiar with these terms for subsequent courses)