1. Section 2.3 Carbon Compounds

2. Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry- Study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

3. I. Chemistry of Carbon Characteristics of Carbon:
1. Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons
2. Each electron can join with an electron from another atom to form a strong covalent bond
3. Carbon can bond with many elements such as
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Nitrogen
SPONCH

4. Characteristics of Carbon
4. Carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms forming chains that are almost unlimited in length (macromolecules)
5. Carbon-carbon bonds can be
Single (C-C)
Double (C=C)
Triple (C C)

5. Characteristics of Carbon
Chains of carbon can even form rings
No other element has the versatility as carbon!

6. Macromolecules
Macromolecules- large molecules made from 1000s or 100s of 1000s smaller molecules
Made by a process of polymerization
Made of smaller units called monomers joined together to form polymers (the monomers can be identical or different!)

7. Organic compounds or biomolecules are classified into 4 groups:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

8. 1. Carbohydrates
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy and structural purposes
The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose (C6H12O6) supplies immediate energy for all cell activity

9. 1. Carbohydrates
Extra sugar is stored as complex carbohydrates known as starches
Monosaccharide- single sugar molecules such as glucose, galactose (milk), and fructose (fruits)
Disaccharide- two monosaccharides linked together

10. Polysaccharide- many monosaccharides joined together
Ex. Glycogen- animal starch released from your liver when glucose in blood runs low
Cellulose- plant starch which is tough and flexible. Major component of wood and paper

11. 2. Lipids Lipids- fats, oils, and waxes
Compounds made mostly from carbon and hydrogen
NOT soluble in water!
Used to store energy

12. 2. Lipids
Serves an important role in biological membranes and waterproof coverings
Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids

13. 2. Lipids
Saturated- carbon atom in a lipids fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond (maximum number of hydrogens!)
Unsaturated- at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid (ex. Olive oil)
Polyunsaturated- fatty acids
contain more than one
double bond (ex. Cooking
oils such as corn, sesame,
canola and peanut oils)

14. 3. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids- Macromolecules that contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus
Nucleotide- individual monomer consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G)

15. 3. Nucleic Acids
Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a nucleic acid
Nucleic acids store and transmit heredity or genetic information
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid (sugar=deoxyribose)
RNA- ribonucleic acid (sugar = ribose)

16. 4. Proteins
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monomers are called amino acids
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end

17. 4. Proteins
There are more than 20 different amino acids found in nature
Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA

18. 4. Proteins 1. Proteins have a specific role
Control rate of reactions (enzymes)
Regulate cell processes (hormones)
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help fight disease (antibodies)
Form bones and muscles

19. 4. Proteins 2. Proteins may have up to 4 levels of organization
1st- sequence of amino acids in a protein chain
2nd- amino acids can be twisted or folded
3rd- chain is folded
* Van der Waal’s forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain the shape of the protein

20. III. Enzymes
Enzymes- biological catalysts that cells use to speed up chemical reactions within a cell
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
Activation Energy- the amount of energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
Most enzymes work best at a certain pH and certain temperatures

21. Enzymes Enzymes play essential roles in Regulating chemical pathways
Making materials that cells need
Releasing energy
Transferring information

22. Red = without enzyme
Green = with enzyme