1. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
Emotion
Chapter 11
Prepared by Krista D. Forrest, Ph.D.
These slides © 2006 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing.
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
Chapter Outline
Defining Emotion
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind
Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture
Putting the Elements together: Emotion and Gender
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
Emotion
A state of arousal involving facial and body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

4. Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
4/23/2017
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
Primary and secondary emotions
The face of emotion
The brain and emotion
Hormones and emotion
Detecting emotions: Does the body lie?
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

5. Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
4/23/2017
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body
Primary emotions
Emotions considered to be universal and biologically based. They generally include fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt
Secondary emotion
Emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures
Three biological areas of emotion are
facial expressions
brain regions and circuits
autonomic nervous system
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

6. Universal Expressions of Emotion
4/23/2017
Universal Expressions of Emotion
Facial expressions for primary emotions are universal
Even members of remote cultures can recognize facial expressions in people who are foreign to them
Facial feedback
Process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed
Infants are able to read parental expressions
Facial expression can generate same expressions in others, creating mood contagion
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
The Face of Anger
Anger is universally recognized by geometric patterns on the face
In each pair, the left form seems angrier than the right form
Figure 9.8 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Aronoff, J., Woike, B. A., & Hyman, L. M. (1992). Which are the stimuli in facial displays of anger and happiness? Configurational bases of emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62,
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

8. Facial Expressions in Social Context
Emotion
4/23/2017
Facial Expressions in Social Context
Across and within cultures, agreement often varies on which emotion a particular facial expression is revealing
People don’t usually express their emotion in facial expressions unless others are around
Facial expressions convey different meanings depending on their circumstances
People often use facial expressions to lie about their feelings as well as to express them
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
The Brain and Emotion
The amygdala
Responsible for assessing threat
Damage to the amygdala results in abnormality to process fear
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
The Brain and Emotion
Left prefrontal cortex
Involved in motivation to approach others
Damage to this area results in loss of joy
Right prefrontal cortex
Involved in withdrawal and escape
Damage to the area results in excessive mania and euphoria
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©1999 Prentice Hall

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
Hormones and Emotion
When experiencing an intense emotion, two hormones are released
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Results in increased alertness and arousal
At high levels, it can create the sensation of being out of control emotionally
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

12. The Autonomic Nervous System
Emotion
4/23/2017
The Autonomic Nervous System
Figure 9.5 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

13. Detecting Emotions: Does the Body Lie?
4/23/2017
Detecting Emotions: Does the Body Lie?
Polygraph testing relies on autonomic nervous system arousal
Typical measures:
Galvanic skin response
Pulse, blood pressure
Breathing
Fidgeting
Figure 9.6 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
Polygraph Tests
Empirical support is weak and conflicting
Test is inadmissible in most courts
It is illegal to use for most job screening
Many government agencies continue to use for screening
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

15. Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind
4/23/2017
Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind
How thoughts create emotions
The two-factor theory of emotion
Attributions and emotions
Cognitions & Emotional Complexity
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

16. Two-factor Theory of Emotion
4/23/2017
Two-factor Theory of Emotion
Physiological arousal
Sweaty palms
Increased heart rate
Rapid breathing
Cognitive Label
Attribute source of arousal to a cause
To have an emotion, both factors are required
Figure 9.11 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Source:
Schachter, S. (1964). The interaction of cognitive and physiological determinants of emotional state. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1, New York: Academic Press.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

17. Attributions and Emotions
4/23/2017
Attributions and Emotions
Perceptions and attributions are involved in emotions
How one reacts to an event depends on how he or she explains it
For example, how one reacts to being ignored or winning the silver instead of the gold medal
Philosophy of life is also influential
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

18. Cognitions and Emotional Complexity
Cognitions affect emotions
Emotions affect cognitions
Cognitive and emotional developments occur together, become more complex with age
Cognitive therapy attempts to change emotions by changing cognitions
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19. Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture
4/23/2017
Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture
Culture and emotional variation
The rules of emotional regulation
Display rules
Body language
Emotion work
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

20. Culture and Emotional Variation
4/23/2017
Culture and Emotional Variation
Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about
Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other cultures
Ex. Schadenfreude
Some cultures don’t have words for emotions that seem universal to others
Tahitian and sadness
Differences in secondary emotions appear to be reflected in differences in languages
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

21. Culture & Emotional Expression
4/23/2017
Culture & Emotional Expression
Display Rules
When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or when they should be squelched
Body Language
The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture and gaze that people constantly express
Emotion Work
Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to create the right emotion for the occasion
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

22. Putting it all together: Emotion and Gender
4/23/2017
Putting it all together: Emotion and Gender
Emotional Reactivity
Sensitivity to other people’s emotions
Cognitions
Expressiveness
Factors which affect expressiveness
Emotion work
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

23. Putting the Elements Together: Emotion and Gender
4/23/2017
Putting the Elements Together: Emotion and Gender
Emotional Reactivity
Women recall emotional events more intensely and vividly than do men
Men experience emotional events more intensely than do women
Conflict is physiologically more upsetting for men than women
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

24. Gender differences in physiology and intensity
Emotion
4/23/2017
Gender differences in physiology and intensity
Males’ autonomic nervous system is more reactive than females’
Men are more likely to rehearse angry thoughts, which maintains anger
Women are more likely to ruminate, which maintains depression
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

25. Sensitivity to Other People’s Emotions
4/23/2017
Sensitivity to Other People’s Emotions
Factors that influence one’s ability to “read” emotional signals:
The sex of the sender and receiver
How well the sender and receiver know each other
How expressive the sender is
Who has the power
Stereotypes and expectations
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©1999 Prentice Hall

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
Cognitions
Men and women appear to differ in the types of everyday events that provoke their anger
Women become angry over issues related to their partner’s disregard
Men become angry over damage to property or problems with strangers
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©1999 Prentice Hall

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Emotion
4/23/2017
Expressiveness
In North America, women:
Smile more than men
Gaze at listeners more
Have more emotionally expressive faces
Use more expressive body movements
Touch others more
Acknowledge weakness and emotions more
Compared to women, men only express anger to strangers more
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

28. Factors Influencing Emotional Expressiveness
4/23/2017
Factors Influencing Emotional Expressiveness
Gender roles
Cultural norms
The specific situation
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall

29. Emotion Work and Gender
4/23/2017
Emotion Work and Gender
Women work hard at appearing warm, happy and making sure others are happy
Men work hard at persuading others they are stern, aggressive and unemotional
Why?
Gender roles and status
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
©1999 Prentice Hall