1. Metaphor Lecture 4 (a)

2. Knowledge Getting knowledge about something is like making a map of a place or like travelling there. Teaching someone is like showing them how to reach a place. Getting knowledge about something is like making a map of a place or like travelling there. Teaching someone is like showing them how to reach a place. This term, we will be exploring the psychology of sport. This term, we will be exploring the psychology of sport. In today ’ s class, I will map out the most important concepts. In today ’ s class, I will map out the most important concepts.

3. Knowledge We can approach the subject from several directions. We can approach the subject from several directions. Can you give me a few pointers? What should I read first? Can you give me a few pointers? What should I read first? It is an excellent guide to English vocabulary. It is an excellent guide to English vocabulary. The program allows you to navigate the Web more easily. The program allows you to navigate the Web more easily. The first step in learning a language is to learn its sounds. The first step in learning a language is to learn its sounds. This aspect of his work is very much uncharted territory. This aspect of his work is very much uncharted territory. We ’ re on surer/more familiar ground here. We ’ re on surer/more familiar ground here. New students have to take an orientation course. New students have to take an orientation course.

4. Knowledge When you have some knowledge about something, it is When you have some knowledge about something, it is as if you are shining a light on it. Not having knowledge is like being in darkness. as if you are shining a light on it. Not having knowledge is like being in darkness. Allow me to shed/throw some light on the matter. Allow me to shed/throw some light on the matter. Can you enlighten me as to what your intentions Can you enlighten me as to what your intentions are? are? There are a couple of points that I ’ d like you to clear up. There are a couple of points that I ’ d like you to clear up. Her work has greatly illuminated this aspect of the subject. Her work has greatly illuminated this aspect of the subject.

5. Knowledge This spotlights/highlights the This spotlights/highlights the problems of bilingual children. problems of bilingual children. He kept us in the dark about his plans. He kept us in the dark about his plans. The book concerns the shadowy world of espionage. The book concerns the shadowy world of espionage. I only have a dim recollection of what happened next. I only have a dim recollection of what happened next. I haven ’ t got the foggiest/faintest idea. I haven ’ t got the foggiest/faintest idea.

6. Achievement An achievement is like a building, and the process of achieving is like the process of building. An achievement is like a building, and the process of achieving is like the process of building. They built up the business over 20 years. They built up the business over 20 years. The organization was built on traditional principles. The organization was built on traditional principles. This web site is still under construction. This web site is still under construction. They laid the foundations for future success with a carefully balanced range of products. They laid the foundations for future success with a carefully balanced range of products.

7. Achievement This was the blueprint for success. This was the blueprint for success. She was the architect of the company ’ s expansion overseas. She was the architect of the company ’ s expansion overseas. It is a towering achievement. It is a towering achievement. These developments threatened the whole edifice of government. These developments threatened the whole edifice of government. All her life ’ s work was in ruins. All her life ’ s work was in ruins. Strong foreign markets are the building blocks of a successful Strong foreign markets are the building blocks of a successful economy. economy. Everything seemed to come crashing down around them. Everything seemed to come crashing down around them.

8. Angry Being angry is like being hot or on fire. Being angry is like being hot or on fire. She burned with indignation. She burned with indignation. He has a fiery temper. He has a fiery temper. Jack was a hot-tempered young man. Jack was a hot-tempered young man. Their parents were having a heated argument/debate about where to go. Their parents were having a heated argument/debate about where to go. They were having a blazing/flaming row. They were having a blazing/flaming row. She often flares up over nothing. She often flares up over nothing. It made my blood boil. It made my blood boil. I lost my cool. I lost my cool. Alison was getting very hot under the collar. Alison was getting very hot under the collar.

9. Angry Losing your temper is like an explosion. Losing your temper is like an explosion. When she told him, he nearly exploded. When she told him, he nearly exploded. He blew up at her. He blew up at her. Steve couldn ’ t contain his anger any longer. Steve couldn ’ t contain his anger any longer. It was an explosive situation. It was an explosive situation. I ’ m sorry I blew my top. I ’ m sorry I blew my top. There was another angry outburst from Chris. There was another angry outburst from Chris. Alex was bursting with anger. Alex was bursting with anger. She ’ ll blow a fuse/a gasket if she finds out. She ’ ll blow a fuse/a gasket if she finds out. Bob went ballistic when he saw what they had done. Bob went ballistic when he saw what they had done. A major row erupted at the meeting. A major row erupted at the meeting.

10. Argument An argument is like a fight or war, with people attacking An argument is like a fight or war, with people attacking each other ’ s opinions and defending their own. each other ’ s opinions and defending their own. She tried to defend herself against his attacks on her ideas. She tried to defend herself against his attacks on her ideas. She shot down his argument. She shot down his argument. That is an indefensible point of view. That is an indefensible point of view. I decided to pursue another line of attack. I decided to pursue another line of attack. We had a big fight last night, and I went home early. We had a big fight last night, and I went home early. There was a lot of conflict over what to do next. There was a lot of conflict over what to do next. It was a real battle of wits. It was a real battle of wits. We did battle with the council about the plans. We did battle with the council about the plans. I ’ ve crossed swords with them before. I ’ ve crossed swords with them before.

11. Confused Being confused is like being lost or in the wrong place or position. Being confused is like being lost or in the wrong place or position. You ’ ve lost me. What do you mean? You ’ ve lost me. What do you mean? I was completely at sea: it was all so new to me. I was completely at sea: it was all so new to me. I felt adrift and alone, with no real sense of direction. I felt adrift and alone, with no real sense of direction. I seem to have lost my bearings. I seem to have lost my bearings. I don ’ t know if I ’ m coming or going. I don ’ t know if I ’ m coming or going. I feel like a fish out of water. I feel like a fish out of water. You ’ ve got it all back to front. You ’ ve got it all back to front.

12. Conversation A conversation or discussion is like a journey, with the speakers going from one place to another. A conversation or discussion is like a journey, with the speakers going from one place to another. Let ’ s go back to what you were saying earlier. Let ’ s go back to what you were saying earlier. Can we return to the previous point? Can we return to the previous point? I can ’ t quite see where you ’ re heading. I can ’ t quite see where you ’ re heading. The conversation took an The conversation took an unexpected turn/direction. unexpected turn/direction. I ’ m listening – Go on! I ’ m listening – Go on! We ’ ve covered a lot of ground. We ’ ve covered a lot of ground. I was just coming to that. I was just coming to that.

13. Conversation We eventually arrived at a conclusion. We eventually arrived at a conclusion. It ’ s a roundabout way of saying she ’ s refusing our offer. It ’ s a roundabout way of saying she ’ s refusing our offer. You ’ re on the right/wrong track. You ’ re on the right/wrong track. We wandered off the topic. We wandered off the topic. The conversation drifted rather aimlessly. The conversation drifted rather aimlessly. We kept going round and round in circles. We kept going round and round in circles.

14. Mind Your mind is like a container or area, with thoughts being stored there or going in and out. Your mind is like a container or area, with thoughts being stored there or going in and out. The memory of that day is still fresh in my mind. The memory of that day is still fresh in my mind. A few doubts remained at the back of my mind. A few doubts remained at the back of my mind. Can ’ t you get it into your head that I ’ m not interested? Can ’ t you get it into your head that I ’ m not interested? His head is filled with useless facts and figures. His head is filled with useless facts and figures. I ’ ve been searching my memory, but I still don ’ t know who she is. I ’ ve been searching my memory, but I still don ’ t know who she is.

15. Mind Try to relax: empty your mind. Try to relax: empty your mind. I pushed/drove the thought out of my mind. I pushed/drove the thought out of my mind. It crossed her mind that he was lying. It crossed her mind that he was lying. The idea never entered my head. The idea never entered my head. The name was fixed/stuck in her mind. The name was fixed/stuck in her mind. I have my suspicions, but I ’ m trying to keep an open mind. I have my suspicions, but I ’ m trying to keep an open mind. His mind is closed to any new ideas. His mind is closed to any new ideas.

16. Life Life is like a journey, and your experiences are like different parts of a journey. Dying is like travelling to another place. Life is like a journey, and your experiences are like different parts of a journey. Dying is like travelling to another place. The baby arrived just after midnight. The baby arrived just after midnight. He came into the world in 1703. He came into the world in 1703. I set out to become a doctor, but it never worked out. I set out to become a doctor, but it never worked out. She went through life without ever knowing the truth. She went through life without ever knowing the truth. It ’ s all been an uphill struggle. It ’ s all been an uphill struggle. We seem to be at a crossroads. We seem to be at a crossroads.

17. Life His life took an unexpected direction. His life took an unexpected direction. He embarked on a new career. He embarked on a new career. You ’ ve got to move on and forget about what ’ s happened. You ’ ve got to move on and forget about what ’ s happened. Will they go the distance? Will they go the distance? She ’ s well on the way to recovery. She ’ s well on the way to recovery. They ’ re over the hill now. They ’ re over the hill now. His grandmother passed away/on last year. His grandmother passed away/on last year. They remembered the departed in their prayers. They remembered the departed in their prayers.

18. Life Events in your life are like games, with people trying to win, or with things happening by chance. Events in your life are like games, with people trying to win, or with things happening by chance. I ’ m on a winning/losing streak. I ’ m on a winning/losing streak. You win some, you lose some. You win some, you lose some. It ’ s all been a race against time. It ’ s all been a race against time. This is not a level playing field. This is not a level playing field. They ’ re planning to drop out of the rat race. They ’ re planning to drop out of the rat race. Is he in/out of the running? Is he in/out of the running? The election will be a one-horse race. The election will be a one-horse race. They asked, but their parents wouldn ’ t play ball. They asked, but their parents wouldn ’ t play ball.

19. Life This development has been on/in the cards for some time. This development has been on/in the cards for some time. If you play your cards right, you shouldn ’ t have any problems. If you play your cards right, you shouldn ’ t have any problems. The cards were stacked against us. The cards were stacked against us. Then they played their trump card and we gave in. Then they played their trump card and we gave in. We just had a lucky throw of the dice. We just had a lucky throw of the dice. All bets are off – nobody knows what will happen now. All bets are off – nobody knows what will happen now.