3. Composition of the Ottoman Empire in 16 th and 17 th Centuries Huge in territory, but weak in central authority –Largest and most stable empire after the collapse of Roman Empire Many different ethnic and language groups Administered inefficiently Split religiously No merchant class or overseas empires No uniform calendar amongst regions

4. Christian Europe Versus Islamic Mediterranean Middle Ages—Islamic Empire included Spain, North Africa, and the Middle East In 1453, Constantinople, center of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the Turks Eastern Europe was prey to Islamic expansion

5. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

6. The Ottoman Capital -- Constantinople

7. The End of the Byzantine Empire

8. Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520—1566) Hungary and the Habsburg Empire were defenders of Eastern Europe The Turks captured Belgrade in Hungary and took over almost half of eastern Europe

9. Suleiman the Magnificent: ( 1520-1566) Suleiman’s Signature

10. Collection of Taxes in Suleiman’s Court

11. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

12. Map 13–5 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. By the 1680s the Ottoman Empire had reached its maximum extent, but the Ottoman failure to capture Vienna in 1683 marked the beginning of a long and inexorable decline that ended with the empire’s collapse after World War I.

13. The Ottoman Government religious toleration allowed more there than anywhere else in Europe sultans governed their empire through millets – officially recognized religious communities still some religious discrimination – dhimmis – non- Islamic persons in the Empire could worship, but couldn’t rise in power, had to pay a poll tax, could not serve in the military and were prevented from wearing certain colors devshirme – Christian boys recruited and raised as Muslims and put into the military as infantry troops known as Janissaries / they were basically well treated slaves

14. An Ottoman portrayal of the Devshirme. This miniature painting from about 1558 depicts the recruiting of young Christian children for the Sultan’s elite Janissary corps. British Library, London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library

15. Janissaries

16. Turkish Decline in the 17 th Century Overextension of military over vast empire Kidnapping of Christian children to force entry into Janissary system Sultans were absolutists, but relied on capital punishment to put fear into its inhabitants Lacked a true economy; gov’t finances were based on the spoils of war

17. The Siege of Vienna (1683) For six weeks attempted to strangle the Habsburg city and Austrian capital 50,000 Polish troops under King Sobieski came to the relief of Vienna The Turks massacred 30,000 Christian soldiers BUT were then defeated –In defeat, the Turks left behind coffee beans never before enjoyed by the Viennese –Coffee houses begin popping up in Vienna and spread throughout Europe

18. In 1683 the Ottomans laid siege to Vienna. Only the arrival of Polish forces under King John III Sobieski (r. 1674–1696) saved the Habsburg capital.

19. The Decline of the Ottoman Empire the Ottomans attempt to expand their empire into Europe, but fail –1699 Austrian conquests in Hungary and Transylvania end Ottoman claim to area Ottomans suffer military loses to the united European states and Russia and in consequence lose land and revenue Internal rebellions by the janissaries force sultan Ahmed to abdicate in 1730

20. Ottoman Collapse (1730—1789) Austria and Russia will work together to dismember the Ottomans Janissaries will disintegrate as an effective military rank Provincial governors began to gain more power 1774 Catherine the Great forced the Turks to surrender Crimea on the Black Sea By end of 18 th century, Ottomans no longer an important power in Europe

21. Europe and the Ottoman Empire Europe passes the Ottomans in learning, science, and military prowess Europe sees the Ottoman Empire as one in decline and Islam as an inferior religion European nations, sometimes rivals, joined forces against an Islamic foe

22. Blue Mosque

23. Blue Mosque - interior

24. Europeans vs. Turks

25. Hagia Sophia

26. Hagia Sophia - interior

27. Faith Mosque

28. Qur’an Page: Arabic Calligraphy

29. “Golden Horn” from space

30. “Golden Horn”

31. Sunset on the “Golden Horn”

32. Conversations Between Muslims & Christians

33. Scholars at the Galata Observatory (Suleiman’s Constantinople), 1557

34. The Ottoman Empire During the 16 c