1. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

2. The Reformation and Politics
Explain how the political situation in Germany shaped the course of the Reformation.
What do I need to know to answer this question?
What were the political circumstances in Germany?
What were key events in the course of the Reformation involving politics?
What were key events in the course of the Reformation affected by politics?

3. What does this quote mean?
“Other nations wage war; you, happy Austria, marry.”
Why would countries want to wage war or marry?
What do we know about how land, power, and titles are transferred through generations?

4. The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty
States increased power by war and diplomacy
Marriage was a key way to expand power
Especially wives with no brothers to share land
Frederick III ruled most of Austria + Princess Eleonore of Portugal (1452) = little territory, lots of money
(Remember the diplomacy that kept the Italian provinces from fighting  prosperity  Renaissance?)

5. Rise of the Habsburgs, con’t
Frederick’s son Maximillian + Mary of Burgundy (1477) = Netherlands, Luxembourg + Burgundy (eastern France)
This incited a conflict between the Habsburgs and the French Valois family, who considered Burgundy to belong to the French.
Charles V ( ) inherited Spain, areas of Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia from mother and Austria, southern Germany, the Low Countries, and East-Central France  approx. ½ Europe.
*Nationalism!!

8. Political Impact of the Protestant Reformation
Charles V believed it was his duty to maintain political and religious unity of Western Europe
Religious change represented a threat to the stability of the state
Luther relied on German nationalism to attack papacy
Used religion to extend financial and political power away from HRE

9. Why Would German Princes Convert to Protestantism?
Religiously, some were convinced that Luther and/or Calvin were correct
Politically and Economically, some princes wanted freedom from the HRE
Religious wars began between German Princes and Charles V after failure of the Imperial Diet of 1530
Augsburg Confession was written here – a centuries long cornerstone of Protestant beliefs

10. The Peace of Augsburg
The peace of Augsburg 1555 was Charles V’s acknowledgment of the legitimacy of the German princes to determine the official religion of their own principality.
Were individuals allowed to choose their own faith at this point?

11. Explain how the political situation in Germany shaped the course of the Reformation
What were the political circumstances in Germany?
Decentralized
Largely controlled by the Habsburgs (HRE)
What were key events in the course of the Reformation involving politics?
Frederick III & Maximillian’s lucrative marriages led to the expansion of the HRE
Imperial Diet 1530
Peace of Augsburg 1555

12. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
Describe how Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands.
What do I need to know?
What are Protestant ideas and institutions?
How did they spread beyond the Germanies?
Where did the spread?

13. The Reformation of Ireland and England
King Henry VIII (Tudor) wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon
Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella
Problematic for Charles V because it would mean his Aunt Catherine would technically be a fornicator, and his cousin Mary Tudor would be a bastard
The Supremacy Act of 1534 declared the King to be the head of the Church of England
Dissenters such as Bishop of Rochester John Fisher and Sir Thomas More (Utopia) were beheaded

14. Henry VIII

15. Henry’s Marital Woes Continue…
Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn, who produced another daughter, Elizabeth Tudor, but not a male heir to the throne.
Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for adultery and not producing a male heir
He then married Jane Seymour, who produced Edward Tudor, but she died in childbirth
Subsequently, Henry married Anne of Cleves (divorced), Kathryn Howard (executed), Katherine Parr (divorced).

16. Catherine of Aragon m. 1509 - 1533 Divorced
                           
Catherine of Aragon m Divorced
Anne Boleyn m Executed
Jane Seymour m Died
Anne of Cleves m Jan. - July Divorced
Kathryn Howard m Executed
Katherine Parr m Widowed
Anne Boleyn (m ) Executed
Jane Seymour (m ) Died
Catherine of Aragon (m ) Divorced
Anne of Cleves (m January – July) Divorced
Katherine Parr (M ) Widowed
Katheryn Howard (m ) Executed
All original graphics, photographs and text on this page are © (copyright) Lara E. Eakins except where noted.

18. The Impacts of the Anglican Church
Henry confiscated monastic lands and redistributed to the Tudor dynasty
Anglican church was created for personal, political, social, and economic reasons
Retained theology of Catholic Church including confession, celibacy, and transubstantiation
Sympathized with Protestant thought
Provoked Pilgrammage of Grace (1536) rebellion amongst English & Irish Catholics

19. Ireland
Remained loyal to the Catholic Church, rejected the Anglican Church
English lords in Ireland approved the adoption of the Church of Ireland (basically the Anglican Church)
This led to the same confiscation of church lands and wealth that happened in England
Violent rebellion in Ireland eventually crushed by English

20. Tudor’s Religious Legacy
King Edward VI (r ) – strongly Protestant
Queen Mary Tudor (r ) – Catholic backlash (to honor her mother)
Married Spanish Catholic cousin Philip of Spain
This was very brutal and earned her the nickname Bloody Mary
Queen Elizabeth I (Elizabeth the Great)

21. Elizabeth I
Elizabeth compromised between the Protestant “Puritans” (who wanted to “purify” the Church) and the Catholics
Elizabethan Settlement
Dignity in church services and order in the land (aka no more executions)
Risked only a fine for missing Anglican mass
Swore allegiance to her as the “supreme governor of the Church of England”
Why wouldn’t she ask to be called the head of the church?

22. Elizabeth’s Main Contributions
Brought peace and order to England and territories
Allowed for religious freedom without whole conformity to the Anglican Church

23. Calvinism - Switzerland
Predestination - Human beings can do nothing to save themselves due to the omnipotence and absolute sovereignty of G-d.
Willing to endure great hardships to resist evil
Outlawed playing, dancing, to create a godly city on earth
The “Calling” sanctified occupations
Burned 58 “heretics” at the stake
Significance: This ideology leads to America as “the city upon the hill”, defining American history

24. John Calvin

25. Presbyterianism – The Church of Scotland
Established by John Knox
Persuaded Scottish Parliament to create a Calvinist church as the official state church of Scotland

26. Eastern European Reform
In Bohemia, ethnic grievances of the Czech majority fused with resentment of the Roman Catholic Church
Czech’s adopted the utraqism position:
It maintained that the Eucharist should be administered "in both kinds" — as both bread and wine — to all the congregation, including the laity. (The practice among Roman Catholics at the time was for only the priests to partake of the wine).
Poland and Lithuania = Catholic
King Sigsmund I of Poland banned Lutheranism
Hungary was defeated by Suleiman the Magnificent (Ottoman Empire)
Under Turkish/Islamic rule, Lutheranism thrived in parts of Hungary
Later in 1699 when Europe regained Hungary, there was a Catholic restoration

27. Summary of Spread of Protestant Reformation
England, German Principalities broke away from the Catholic Church
England  Church of England
Germanies Mostly Lutheran, some Calvinism
France, Spain, the HRE, Poland, and Lithuania remained staunchly Catholic