1. Applying scientific thinking in the service of society Water and Sanitation Low carbon cities meeting 04 – 06 October 2010

2. Findings The eThekwini Municipality buys bulk potable water from Umgeni Water Potable water is from dams to treatment plants to reserviors and then onwards to consumers through gravity and pumping Central and sub-urban regions – waterborne sewerage system Outer west, rural areas and informal settlements – onsite sewage disposal Total of 461, 267 kl of wastewater is treated daily by the city’s 26 wastewater treatment works

3. Figure: Wastewater treatment works in eThekwini municipal area

4. Water Demand Management There will be substantial growth in housing and development associated with the Dube Tradeport, which will increase water demand Existing backlog: 63,000 households, need water and sanitation Water demand management (WDM) aims to reduce the quantity of non-revenue water. Currently, 37% of water is lost(due to illegal connections and leakages) Aim to reduce it to 20%

5. Forecasted water demand for eThekwini Scenario A: No further WC/WDM measures Scenario A1: Scenario A with waste management over 5 years

6. Carbon footprint of the system Main factor contributing to carbon emissions – electricity demand 0.10 kWh (0.14 kg CO 2 e) / kL of potable water 0.14 kWh (0.15 kg CO 2 e) / kL of wastewater Figure: Contribution of various water processes to global warming

7. Water and sanitation projects Urine diverter toilet Urine diverter toilets 80 000 urine diverter toilets have been rolled out. Waterless, sludge is used as fertiliser Community empowerment Project roll-out focuses on empowering people. Contractors must train people from the community to do the labour

8. Water and sanitation projects (cont.) Water re-use for industry Durban is the first city in South Africa to introduce the first private water recycling project. The recycling plant can treat up to 47.5 million litres of water per day It provides 2 nd class water to Mondi and SAPREF, at a lower tariff in comparison to potable water. Membrane Technology A pilot project is being run of this technology, which is a low cost treatment works, using gravity membranes to treat waste water. The pilot project aims to understand the capabilities of the decentralised wastewater treatment (DEWAT) system for municipal water borne sanitation.

9. Western Aqueduct Pipeline Western Aqueduct is the largest water infrastructure project undertaken by the eThekwini Municipality The project aims to increase the capacity of water to the region The potential of implementing hydro-turbine generation projects in the Western Aqueduct Pipeline, is being investigated. The project is expected to initially generate 4 MW per station, which can potentially increase to 8 – 10 MW. Mini Hydro Plans are underway to install mini hydros at inlets of reservoirs. The electricity generation capacity of a mini hydro is from 100 kW – 500 kW

10. Water and sanitation projects (cont.) Wind turbines / solar turbines 6 wind turbines are currently being produced to pump water and to abstract water from boreholes Oil from Algae A biodiesel project is also planned for two to three years time to transform algae from maturation ponds at the city’s wastewater treatment plants to biodiesel and other products, Rainwater Harvesting Recognised as a climate change adaptation strategy. A 3000 – 5000 l tank is fitted next to a household. Figure: Rainwater Harvesting Tank

11. Water and sanitation projects (cont.) The use of effluent and sludge for agriculture Final effluent is pumped into JoJo Tanks and are distributed to people for agricultural purposes. The sludge is also composted and distributed to farmers, which is used as fertiliser. Electricity from methane gas A prefeasibility study has also looked at the use of sludge to generate electricity. The process will involve the use of a digester, which would destruct the methane and generate electricity, which will be supplied to the grid Agri – tube The agri-tube was developed to allow people to plant their own food in areas where space is limited for example in informal settlements.

12. Draft recommendations The municipality has been very active in minimising impacts Increase supply of recycled water - option to supply industries close to waste water treatment plants with recycled water Water distribution losses are high and must be addressed Promote on-site sanitation (uses less energy) Fast-track wastewater to energy initiatives

13. Applying scientific thinking in the service of society