1. LaTeX Tutorial Fiona Shearer May 11th, 2004 Disclaimer added
Disclaimer: This is in no way a complete tutorial of LaTeX and WinEdt. It is only intended as an initial introduction. There are certainly many important concepts that are outside the scope of this presentation and are left for the audience to discover. No technical support is offered in conjunction with this presentation, although several key references are listed.

2. Presentation Overview
What is LaTeX?
Comparison: MS Word vs LaTeX
Tutorial of LaTeX Commands
Class files and Macro Packages
Special Characters and LaTeX Commands
Lots of Examples
Software Downloads & Demo
References
Introduce Topics that will be covered in the presentation
What is LaTeX, How does it compare to MS Word?
Introduce some basic concepts that will allow you to start creating documents
Provide a list of the software downloads that are required and a demo
List of references
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

3. What is LaTeX? Pronounced: “Lay-tech”
S/W package that uses the TeX typesetting engine
TeX: computer program released in 1982 by Donald E. Knuth and written for typesetting digital documents [1]
For more info see [2]
History
Explain typesetting… text into type (fit it to the page)
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

4. MS Word vs LaTeX What You See Is Get More Info in [3] May 11th, 2004
Microsoft Word documents are referred to as WYSIWYG documents, because … (Click)
When you look at it on screen, you are seeing exactly what the final document will look like.
Some problems, getting the figure numbers to align, references, cross references, margins
A TeX document separates the content from the commands that will determine what the format of the document will look like
Preparing a LaTeX document requires an extra step to format or typeset the document (.tex to .pdf)
Advantages: consistent look, correct numbering, ease of organization
More Info in [3]
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

5. Example: Hello World Text & Commands Typeset Document hello_world.pdf
LaTeX
TeX
Brief reference to class file amsart (telling which font to use, etc)
Commands to start and end the document (tags like html)
Winedt text editor (colours)
Magic of Latex
Pdf
Note how the text is separated by lots of spaces, but in the typeset version it is not.
-setup to produce pdf, but really dvi and postscript files produced as well.
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

6. Overview of LaTeX Class Files Macro Packages Special Characters
Commands
Section Headings, Citations, Cross-References
Figures, Tables, Equations
Miscellaneous commands
Many examples throughout
In order to produce more complex document formats, you need to know how to structure a LaTeX document
I will talk a bit about class files, macro packages, …
I will also be showing several examples throughout the presentation
This will be followed by a demonstration
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

7. Class File Defines what your document will look like
Selected by \documentclass command
\documentclass[options]{class_name}
Some examples:
amsart.cls (included with basic download)
\documentclass[]{amsart}
IEEEtran.cls (download from [4])
Specify font size, number of columns, format, etc
\documentclass[10pt,conference]{IEEEtran}
Remember in the hello world example, the first line in the .tex file contained the documentclass command
What this command does is select the file that will apply general formatting style to your document.
The names in blue you can change depending on what class file you are using and what options are available
Options are available to select any number of things, like font size, number of columns, etc. Multiple options can be selected by inserting a comma in between
Amsart good for simple reports (see handouts). Included with basic download
IEEEtran is the class file provided by the IEEE for journals and conferences…
Download from the IEEE includes examples (Read file for options)
Also documentstyle command (report, book, article, letter)
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

8. Class Files - Examples May 11th, 2004 LaTeX Tutorial
Amsart on the left. Paragraphs begin immediately after section headings, one column, 12pt
IEEEtran on the right, two column, 10pt font, section headings capitalized and on their own line
Note in both cases, LaTeX justifies the lines (adjusts the spaces between words to get the right margins to line up straight)
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

9. Macro Packages Allow you to use special commands
Packages are activated by:
\usepackage[options]{package_name}
Examples:
cite.sty
\usepackage{cite}
graphicx.sty
\usepackage{graphicx}
geometry.sty
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
url.sty
\usepackage{url}
Once you’ve selected your class file, you can add packages to your document to make more latex commands available
Packages are activated by the command shown here (names in blue you can change depending on the package)
These are just a few examples
Cite – bibliographic referencing, allowing LaTeX to generate reference numbers automatically in the correct order (more on this later)
Graphicx – Allows you to easily include figures within your document (more on this later)
Geometry – Allows you specify things like margin width
Url – Helps to properly typeset html addresses
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

10. Special Characters The following symbols are reserved:
# $ % & _ { } ^ ~ \
To include them in your text:
\# \$ \% \& \_ \{ \} \^{} \~{}
Note: you cannot just do \\ (which is a linebreak) , but instead:
$\backslash$
Since certain characters are required within LateX to indicate commands, they are therefore reserved and can’t be used standalone within your document text, so to use them you’ll need to add a backslash in front of them. The exception to this rule is the backslash itself. Two backslashs indicate a forced line break. So if you really need a backslash use this command.
# commands
$ math environment
% comment
& columns and tables
_ subscript in the math environment
{ } commands
^ superscript in the math environment
~ indicates a space that cannot be enlarged and prohibits a line break
\ commands
Special Characters: \’e
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

11. A few more notes…
Consecutive whitespace characters (blank or tab) are treated as one space.
Paragraphs must be separated by at least one line in the .tex file.
Comments can be added using the % character. Any text on a line after % will be ignored by the TeX compiler.
“To get a straight right margin in the output, LATEX inserts varying amounts
of space between the words. It inserts slightly more space at the end of a
sentence, as this makes the text more readable.” [1]
Note about %, the next line will still appear. There is a comment environment command that you can use for block comments
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

12. A Quick Review LaTeX May 11th, 2004 LaTeX Tutorial TeX:
Class file with options
Packages (although not used)
Begin document command
Text: Note multiple whitespaces should be ignored
Text: Exclamation marks are on the next line down, but not separated
If at least one line separates text, a new paragraph should be formed.
Comments indicated by % (GUI turns them gray)
backslash indicates a special command (Latex- ready made string)
Command to generate Backslash
End document command
Pdf
note first line ignored the extra spaces and the one carriage return
comments ignored
special typesetting of LaTeX
multiple lines ignored
backslash
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

13. Commands Used to help organize the document Section headings
Labels and Cross-References
Figures
Tables
Equations
Listing Options
Miscellaneous: newpage, pagestyle, include…
Bibliographic Referencing
For writing longer, more complex you need a way to help organize the documents. This is where the LaTeX commands are used to help define sections, cross-references, figures, tables,…
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

14. Section Headings Use commands to define sections:
\section{Section Name}
\subsection{Sub-section Name}
\subsubsection{Sub-sub-section Name}
\tableofcontents
\appendix
OR using the appendix.sty package: \begin{appendices} … \end{appendices}
Note: commands are case sensitive
First, section headings
Place the title of the section between the curly brackets. LaTeX will define the font size, capatilization, placement of the headings
No end of section commands required, just insert where necessary (CASE SENSITIVE)
You just have to write table of contents command, LaTeX does the rest (make crack about troubles with Word TOC)
Several ways to configure appendices and we’ll see an example later…
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

15. Labels and Cross-Referencing
Tired of re-numbering your section or figure numbers in MS Word by hand? Solution:
Each section, figure, table, equation, and so on can have its own label:
\label{label_name}
You can recall that label in the text:
\ref{label_name}
LaTeX assigns the correct section, figure, table and equation numbers to the labels when you compile the document.
This IMHO is one of the best features of LaTeX. Rather than hand numbering your figures, tables, equations, sections, or trying to let MS Word handle it, you give them a label. When you run the TeX compiler the correct numbers are assigned in order.
Cross references are easy because you just use the \ref command to indicate a specific label. (NEXT SLIDE EXAMPLE)
If you happen to label two figures the same name, the TeX LOG file will let you know which label. In fact, any errors that occur are indicated in the LOG file along with the line of the TEX document where the error occurred. (see this in the demo time permitting)
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

16. Label Example May 11th, 2004 LaTeX Tutorial TeX:
Table of contents is added
Three sections (two plus one in the appendix)
Sections do not require labels (unless you want to reference them)
Two cross references, one to the intro and one to the appendix
PDF
TOC automatically generated with page numbers
Section numbers are assigned
References are updated.
If you compile the document, go back and re-order things you’ll just have to run the compiler again to renumber everything
Sometimes you may need to run it twice, if you make a lot of changes.
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

17. Figures Require graphicx.sty package
Figure type: eps (encapsulated postscript)
Sample code:
\begin{figure}[options]
\includegraphics[options]{figure_name.eps}
\caption{Figure Caption would go here}
\label{fig_label}
\end{figure}
There are probably a few ways to insert figures, but the one that I am familiar with requires the graphicx packages and requires figures that are in .eps format. I think you can also use jpeg, but you’ll have to check that out yourselves. Many programs are available to convert file formats into eps. Ex Ghostview (ps-eps)
Insert this bit of Sample code into your tex document to insert a figure
(the text in blue can be changed by the user)
Figure Options – where the figure will be placed in the typeset document
Graphics options - width, height, angle and scale
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

18. Example
TeX
Graphicx Package required
section and sub-section
Cross reference to a figure (underscore)
code to insert the figure (Begin and End commands)
figure options: htbp (here, top, bottom, page)
graphics options: height
file name (File must exist in directory with the TeX file)
Centerline centers the figure
Caption
label
Warning: ind.eps must exist in the same file directory as the TeX file, unless \graphicspath{} command is used.
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

19. Tables A little awkward to use, but they work: Sample Code:
\begin{table}[options]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{spacing_num}
\caption{Table Caption would go here}
\label{tab_label} \centering
\begin{tabular}{column_scheme}
row_info
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
Options htbp
Spacing_num single =1, double =2
Caption
Label
\centering
More complicated
Column_scheme – indicates number of columns, justification, and presence of vertical lines
row_info – row text plus column indicators
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

20. Tables- continued column_scheme row_info
‘c’, ‘l’, or ‘r’ represent centered, left-justified or right-justified columns
‘|’(vertical bar) represents a vertical column line
Example: ‘|c|c|c|’ represents three centered columns
row_info
Text in the rows is entered with the‘&’character used to separate the columns
‘\\’ indicates a line break
‘\hline’ adds a horizontal line
Example: ‘\hline A & B & C \\ \hline’ represents a row with three entries and lines above & below
First we’re going to look at what to put in the column_scheme part of our table definition
C,L,R |
Example: change the first column to left justified, change first C to an L
Next, what to put in the row info part
Text separated by the ampersand
Use \\ to indicate the end of a line
If you want to add a horizontal line \hline
Example
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

21. Example Table line spacing
Column Scheme: one left-justified and three centered columns. Note the double ‘||’
TeX
cross reference to table
options: htbp
arraystretch 1.5
caption
label
column scheme
row info
PDF
Cross-reference
Note the full justification and hyphenation that LaTeX does
double vertical bars
formation of rows
quotations
Lead into equations…
Notice use of ‘&’, ‘\\’ and
‘\hline’ to form the rows
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

22. Equations Two ways to form equations
Using ‘$’: $ equation syntax $
Using commands:
\begin{equation}
\label{equation_label}
Insert equation syntax here
\end{equation}
Syntax can be generated with software packages like MathType orTeXaide
TeXAide has a similar format like MS Equation Editor, so if you’re familiar with that software it’s not that hard
From TeXAide you can cut and paste your equation into your TeX document within the dollar signs or the equation enviroment
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

23. Example Makes Eq’n numbers appear on the right side of the page
Reqno – right side equation numbers (default with this class file is left side)
[1] is a really good reference for equation syntax. Not that hard to learn. Underscore, \name
Syntax… refer to [1]
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

24. Listing Options Lists: itemized, enumerated, descriptive
Options for listing, lists can also be nested
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

25. Miscellaneous Commands
Newpage: \newpage
Header/Footer: \pagestyle{style}
style: plain, headings, OR empty
Nested TeX files:
\include{filename}
\input{filename}
Quotation Marks:
Use `` and ’ ’, rather than “ and ”
Header footer: placement of pagenumbers and headers
Nested files (handy for long documents)
include will create a new page with contents of nested tex file
input will seamless add nested file
Quotation marks: the one near the tilde key and the one near to the semicolon on most keyboards
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

26. Bibliographic Referencing
BIBTeX: manages bibliographic databases
Database files have .bib extension
Example of bibliographic entry:
@book{RFICtext,
author = "J. Rogers and C. Plett",
title = "Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design",
publisher = "Artech House, Inc",
address = "Boston, MA",
year = "2003" };
Style files (.bst) are used to format the entries
IEEEtran.bst [5]
This part of TeX handles bibliographic referencing.
Database files keep track of any reference that you might use in your document
Only the ones you actually use will be included in your reference list
Database files have a .bib extension and contain lists of reference entries like this one
Example (make note of marker)
Different formats (book, journal, conference, online) exist as well
Examples are given by the IEEE in [5] for .bib files
Style files are used to format the references properly
Example download from the IEEE
Summary: .bib file contains list of entries, each entry has a marker to distinguish it from the other entries
.bib in same directory as tex file
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

27. Referencing - continued
Entries can be referenced from the TeX file:
\cite{RFICtext}
The cite package will have to be included
Example:
When you want to reference something from within your TeX document you use the cite package and the cite command
Cite command uses the marker name (in this case RFICtext) to identify which reference to use
Example
So as you’re researching you can keep your .bib file up to date and when you’re ready to start writing your document citing your references becomes very easy.
Numbers are automatically assigned in the correct order
IEEEtran.bst bibliography style file
RFIC.bib must have an entry labeled RFICtext
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

28. What you need to get started:
Adobe Acrobat Reader
MIKTEX: TeX for Windows
WinEdt: my GUI, but many others exist
(30-day trial download)
TeXAide: for equation editing:
(Free download)
Basic Essentials to get started…
Graphics – CorelDraw to create eps files or something like Ghostview to convert from ps into eps
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

29. WinEdt Compile Procedure
GUI for editing and compiling LaTeX files
Compile Procedure:
Open .tex file and .bib file (if needed)
Edit as required
Click on “TeXify” button to compile
Watch log file window to check for errors
Click on dvi  pdf button
Click on the Adobe symbol
Adobe should open with your new pdf file
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

30. Demo
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

31. References The best reference by far is Google Groups: References:
Go to and click on the Groups tab
Type in some key words related to your question (include TeX)
Click on the Google Search button and you should get some good hits
References:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial

32. Any Further Questions?
Conference and JournalTemplates for the IEEEtran class file can be downloaded from [4].
LaTeX templates for the amsart class file are available upon request.
May 11th, 2004
LaTeX Tutorial