1. Building Sustainability Dr Kerry J Mashford, Chief Executive, National Energy Foundation Improving the use of energy in buildings

2. Business Climate Society Individuals Why sustainable buildings- who benefits? Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

3. The Performance Gap - in theory, theory and practice are the same; in practice they aren’t! Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

4. Buildings often don’t perform as expected – Source : Bill Bordass based on data from Better Buildings Partnership Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

5. Probe 1995 -2002 exemplar buildings post occupancy – actual twice as much as design The scale of the problem (http://www.cibse.org/index.cfm?go=page.view&item=2481#Probe 1)http://www.cibse.org/index.cfm?go=page.view&item=2481#Probe 1 Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

6. Carbon Trust studies – (Low Carbon Buildings Accelerator and Low Carbon Buildings Programme) Indicate actual energy use up to 5 times higher than specified http://www.carbontrust.com/media/81389/ctv038-low-carbon-refurbishment-of-buildings-management-guide.pdf The scale of the problem Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

7. Innovate UK– Building Performance Evaluation Programme Over 100 new build projects + 3 refurb 49 non-domestic studies, 56 buildings 366 dwellings (developments 3989 dwellings) Completion and early occupation / in-use Energy use typically 2.5- 4.5 times predicted 2010 - 2014 Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

8. Domestic energy performance gap Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

9. Non-domestic energy performance

10. Performance degradation over time Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

11. What if house builders were held to account for the performance of the homes they build? Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

12. Expected energy use Save costs, energy and carbon - Improve comfort How does the performance gap arise? Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

13. Building Performance Evaluation - measuring and verifying performance Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

14. Emerging themes – courtesy Innovate UK Non-standard hours & unregulated loads (TM22) Commissioning – not a single building fully commissioned Sub-meters & reconciliation – not functioning or understood BMS – training, complexity, functionality, commissioning Controls – complexity, operating instructions and labelling Lighting – too much, zoning deficiencies and lack of control Fabric performance – specification and construction HVAC – integration and control of multiple systems Renewables – installation, operation and maintenance Energy strategy not properly implemented Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

15. How does the performance gap arise? Successful execution of each stage of building delivery depends on decisions made at earlier stages – we need a whole systems approach So, how can it be solved? Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

16. Planning Design Construction Assured Performance Process – to remove/mitigate performance risks Construction Design In-use As-built

17. Human factors Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

18. Sustainability and Occupants Productivity in offices, learning and concentration, recovery rates in hospitals, dwell time in retail etc. can all be impacted by: inherently ‘good’ environments and good interfaces between the buildings and occupants Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

19. Early work – late 1990s Contributors to wellbeing Feel - Thermal comfort, physical touch points Sight - Lighting levels, natural light, views Sound – Acoustics, noise Smell, taste - Air quality, drafts Perception – control, tolerance, safety, community Plants, water Colour schemes Proportions, layout Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

20. Metrics Indicators Absenteeism Staff turnover Feelings of comfort Reported stress levels Recovery rates Medication levels Pride Self-worth Concentration and learning Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

21. BPE programme Building Use Surveys Walkthrough inspections Occupant interviews Review of manuals and guidance Fully automated systems lead to frustration Often don’t work as expected Difficult to adjust Susceptible to failure and its consequences Finely balanced / optimised – little forgiveness Local manual control preferred Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

22. Emerging themes 1– courtesy Innovate UK BMS –complexity; functionality; commissioning; training Controls – complexity; operating instructions; labelling HVAC – integration and control of multiple systems Portable devices Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

23. Emerging themes 2– courtesy Innovate UK Lighting – too much; zoning deficiencies; poor control Renewables and MVHR – installation; operation and maintenance Energy strategy - not properly implemented, e.g. lead and secondary heating Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

24. NEF project experience – occupant behaviour Less ‘community spirit’ in affluent neighbourhoods where residents work long hours Energy literacy varies across all sectors of society Access to open house examples improves action Visual comparators drive home the message Frequent(ish) reinforcement helps sustain Make it easier to do the right thing than the wrong thing – e.g. recycling Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

25. Using DECs to support behaviour Promotional device, clear indicator Enhanced when combined with promotional campaign Engagement and culture change Competitions between buildings Live dashboards Simple message easily included in reports and documents Clear indication of use and trends Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

26. The issue for Landlords and Tenants No split between Landlord and Tenant DEC shows whole building performance, one DEC. Cannot show improvements (or not) in what each control DECs use one benchmark for all offices, not a good match for many office types Many offices are ‘stuck’ at G, cannot show improvement Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

27. DECC study concludes DECs can aid behavioural change, but DECs would benefit from: better differentiated benchmark (not one size fits all offices) and landlords / tenants can’t see their energy use. more granular rating scheme VolDEC addresses these issues http://www.nef.org.uk/service/existing- buildings/energy-management/voldecs- voluntary-display-energy-certificates http://www.nef.org.uk/service/existing- buildings/energy-management/voldecs- voluntary-display-energy-certificates DECs and occupant behaviour Dr Kerry J Mashford, MK50 – Sept 2015

28. www.nef.org.uk kerry.mashford@nef.org.uk Improving the use of energy in buildings