1. Time What Time Is It? Before 1884, almost every town in the world kept its own local time. There were no national or international conventions which set how time should be measured, or when the day would begin and end, or what length an hour might be. However, with the vast expansion of the railway and communications networks during the 1850s and 1860s, there need for a worldwide, international time standard became imperative.

2. Local Time Meridian (North-South Line Through Zenith) Meridian Transit Local Noon = Solar Meridian Transit NS W NCP Zenith

3. Universal Time Zero Longitude Greenwich Observatory http://www.rog.nmm.ac.uk/mill/meridian.htm Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Equator Prime Meridian Greenwich Observatory, England

4. Earth’s Orbit Counter Clockwise (When viewed from “above”?) –Above = from Polaris, North Pole, N. Hemisphere –Rotation (Earth’s spin about axis) –Revolution (Earth’s orbit around the Sun)

5. U.S.A. Time Zones

6. World Time Zones There are 24 time zones around the world. They start from Greenwich England (Prime Meridian) and proceed westward.

7. Astronomical Clocks Earth’s Rotation on its Axis –Successive meridian transits of the sun –1 solar day (clock time) –24 hours (86400 seconds)

8. Astronomical Clocks Earth’s Rotation on its Axis –Successive meridian transits of the sun –1 solar day (clock time) –24 hours (86400 seconds) Earth’s Orbit Around the Sun –Sun’s Path on the Sky Returns to the Same Constellation –1 solar year –365.2422 days

9. Astronomical Clocks Earth’s Rotation on its Axis –Successive meridian transits of the sun –1 solar day –24 hours (86400 seconds) Earth’s Orbit Around the Sun –Sun’s Path on the Sky Returns to the Same Constellation –1 solar year –365.2422 days Moon’s Orbit Around the Earth –1 month (1 moonth) –29.5 days

10. Days of the Week The 7 heavenly bodies visible with the unaided eye are each honored with their own “day.”

11. Day Length Solar Day –Observe Successive Meridian Transits of the Sun –24 hours (86,400 seconds) –Clock Time Sidereal Day –Observe Successive Meridian Transits of a Star –23 hours 56 minutes (86,160 seconds) –Sky Time

12. Earth Motion 4 minutes –Solar versus Sidereal Aligned With Star Aligned With Sun

13. Earth Motion

22. Sidereal Day 1 Sidereal Day later Aligned With Star

23. Solar Day Plus 4 more minutes The Sky appears to “move” westward by 4 minutes each day when compared to solar or clock time. Aligned With Sun

24. Julian Calendar 45 B.C. Ten months (Mar, …, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec???) –Add July (Julius Caesar) –Add August (Augustus Caesar) Three Years of 365 days One Year with 366 days (Leap Year) This simulates a Calendar with 365.25 day years averaged over four years.

25. 4 Minute Minutes Actual Length of Year (365.2422 days) 365.25 - 365.2422 = 0.0078 days (11 minutes/year)

26. 4 Minute Minutes Actual Length of Year (365.2422 days) 365.25 - 365.2422 = 0.0078 days (11 minutes/year) After 1500 years 11 minutes/year X 1500 = 11 days

27. Easter Astronomically Defined –The First Sunday –After The First Full Moon –After The Vernal Equinox As Early as March 21 st As Late as April 20 th BUT that 11 days made Easter LATER and LATER

28. Gregorian Reformation By 1582 A.D. Pope Gregory had had enough. Proclamation –October 4 th would be October 15 th –Century Years Divisible by 400 are NOT Leap Years –Average Year 265.2425 365.2424 - 365.2422 = 0.00027 days (23 seconds) Time needed to accumulate 1 day error (3850 years)

29. What Time Is IT?! OR What Day is IT?! Only the Stars Know