1. Compass Use & Land Measuring

2. Terms to know:
MAGNETIC DECLINATION: the angular variation of magnetic north from true north; declination may be either east or west
AGRONIC LINE: the line of zero declination (no correction needed)
ISOGONS: lines having equal declination

3. BEARINGS: horizontal angles that are referenced to one of the quadrants of the compass (NE, SE, SW, NW)
AZIMUTHS: comparable angles measured clockwise from due north, thus reading 0o to 360o
SURVEYING: the art of making field measurements that are used to determine the lengths and directions of lines on the earth’s surface

4. PLANE SURVEYING: the measurement of distances & angles, the location of boundaries and the estimation of area; this is what a forester is concerned with

5. Measurement lengths to know:
One chain = 66 feet
One chain = 100 links
One link = 7.92 inches
One acre = 10 square chains
One acre = 43, 560 square feet
One mile = 5,280 feet

6. How to use the compass Make sure: The compass is perfectly level
The sights are properly aligned
The needle swings freely
All readings are taken from the North End of the needle.

8. Area formulas to know Area of a square Formula: (S)2
Area of a rectangle
Formula: L x W
Area of a triangle
Formula: 1/2BH

9. The main formula that we will use is
Hero’s formula. This is used to calculate the area of a triangle when you know the three sides.
Formula:
Area=square root of s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
s= a + b + c 2

10. Legal Land Descriptions
History:
Ordinance of 1785 established the rectangular surveying system as developed by Thomas Jefferson
13 original colonies, Ohio, Tennessee & Kentucky were surveyed with metes & bounds

11. Metes & bounds system was not accurate since it followed natural land features such as ridges, streams, etc.
States west of Ohio were surveyed using the rectangular surveying system

12. Rectangular surveying system
Subdivided land into square areas by using Principal meridians and base lines
Meridians run north & south
Base lines run east & west

13. Ranges
A six mile strip of land which runs north & south parallel to the principal meridian
Labeled with consecutive numbers east or west of the principal meridian

14. Townships (also called tiers)
A six mile strip of land that runs east & west, parallel to the base line
Labeled with consecutive numbers using the south baseline as the starting point

15. Subdivided into a rectangular grid of 36 sections
Subdivided into a rectangular grid of 36 sections. Each section is one square mile.
Contains 36 square miles and is six miles square
Each section is divided into quarters for reference purposes

16. Quarter sections are 160 acres each & are abbreviated as SE ¼, SW ¼, NE ¼, or NW ¼
Quarter sections can be divided into quarters or halves which can be further divided into quarters.
Description of land within a section must be read backwards

17. Legal land descriptions for every piece of property can be found in the county plat books.
One township is displayed per page with all the land tracts separated by property owner/s
Each land tract list owners & acreage
Smaller acreages, especially subdivision lots, are not individually shown
Plat books are not accurate enough to locate exact property boundaries