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Glucose Catabolism Respiratory Chain
Respiration: a process changes reducing power into a biological useful energy form ATP. Aerobic respiration: oxygen is the final electron acceptor, the product is H2O. Anaerobic respiration: the final electron acceptors are other than oxygen such as NO3-, SO42-, Cu2+, and Fe3+. Respiratory chain is the electron transport chain for formation of ATP by transferring electrons from the carriers such as NADH to an electron acceptor.
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Glucose Catabolism Respiratory Chain-Oxidative Phosphorylation
“Oxidative Phosphorylation is the electron transport chain that forms ATP as electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers” (L. Stryer, 1988) - electron acceptor: oxygen (aerobic condition) - generate ATP, H2O - from NADH or FADH2 Taking place in mitochondria in eucaryotes or in cytoplasmic membrane in procaryotes
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http://www. brookscole
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Glucose Catabolism Oxidative Phosphorylation
In the process of Oxidative Phosphorylation In eucaryotes: NADH + H ATP FADH ATP In procaryotes: NADH + H ≤2 ATP FADH2 ATP
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Glucose Aerobic Catabolism Reaction Summary
EMP (glycolysis) Glucose + 2ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi →2 pyruvate + 2 ATP+ 2 (NADH + H+) Entry of pyruvate 2pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2CoA-SH →2 acetyl-CoA + 2CO2 + 2(NADH + H+) TCA cycle 2acetyl-CoA + 6 NAD + 2FAD + 2GDP+ 2Pi + 4H2O → 2CoA + 6(NADH H+) +2FADH2+2GTP (~ATP) + 4CO2 Oxidative Phosphorylation In eucaryotes EMP: 2 NADH → 2 FADH2 → 4 ATP (glycerol phosphate shuttle) Entry of pyruvate and TCA: 8 NADH → 24 ATP TCA: 2FADH2 → 4 ATP The overall reaction: Glucose + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36 Pi → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
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http://www. metabolic-database
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Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP)
Glucose Catabolism Glucose Glycolysis or Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Anaerobic metabolism Aerobic metabolism Fermentation: ethanol, acetic acid, lactate. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or (Krebs) or (Citric acid cycle) Respiratory chain: Oxidative phosphorylation
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Glucose Anaerobic Catabolism
Glycolysis (EMP)
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Ethanol Production Glycolysis (EMP) Fermentation Pyruvate
Decarboxylase Fermentation Alcohol dehydrogenase
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Hydrocarbon Catabolism
Hydrocarbon: C & H - Aliaphatic hydrocarbon e.g. octane, C8H18 polyethylene –HC=CH- - Aromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene Metabolism of hydrocarbon - Requires oxygen - Hydrocarbons are converted to acetyl-CoA which is metabolized by TCA cycle. - Challenges : low solubility in aqueous solution. available microorganisms are limited Pseudomonas, Mycobacteria naphthalene
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Naphthalene Pathway http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/naph/naph_image_map.html
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Nitrogen Compounds Catabolism
Nitrogen compounds can be used for C, N and energy sources Proteins → peptides → amino acids → converted other amino acids or organic acids and ammonia by deamination. - organic acids: acetyl-CoA into TCA cycle, lipids - amino acids: proteins, other amino acids or enter TCA cycle - ammonium: amino acid, protein, nucleic acids Nucleic acids → ribose/deoxyribose, phosphoric acid and purine/pyrimidine - sugar: glycolysis and TCA - Phosphoric acid: ATP, lipids, nucleic acids - bases: nucleic acids, urea, acetic acids
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Photosynthesis Glycolysis and TCA
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Overview of Biosynthesis
Pentose-phosphate pathway (hexo-monophosphate pathway (HMP): convert glucose-6-phosphate into carbon skeletons of C3 ~ C7 . Polysaccharides: glycan, glycogen gluconeogenesis Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids (DNAs, RNAs)
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Summary of Metabolism Pathways
- catabolism: ATP, C skeleton for further biosynthesis - anabolism: biosynthesis requiring energy Bioenergetics: - energy storage and carrier ATP - Reducing power carriers: NADH, NADPH, FADH2 Glucose catabolism:
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Summary of Metabolism Pathways
Glucose catabolism: Glucose Anaerobic metabolism Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or (Krebs) or (Citric acid cycle) Respiratory chain: Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis or Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Fermentation: ethanol, acetic acid, lactate. Aerobic metabolism
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Summary of Metabolism Pathways
- Under aerobic condition, one molecule of Glucose catabolism generates: in Glycolysis, 2 ATP, 2 NADH and pyruvate in TCA cycle, 6 (NADH+H+), 2FADH2, 2GTP, and 4CO2 in oxidative phosphorylation: NADH, FADH2, O2→ ATP, H2O
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Summary of Metabolism Pathways
- Under anaerobic condition, Glucose catabolism includes Glycolysis and fermentation: Products: ethanol, lactic acid, ATP, etc. Nitrogen compound catabolism Hydrocarbon catabolism Photosynthesis Biosynthesis
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