1. Glucose Catabolism Respiratory Chain
Respiration: a process changes reducing power into a biological useful energy form ATP.
Aerobic respiration: oxygen is the final electron acceptor, the product is H2O.
Anaerobic respiration: the final electron acceptors are other than oxygen such as NO3-, SO42-, Cu2+, and Fe3+.
Respiratory chain is the electron transport chain for formation of ATP by transferring electrons from the carriers such as NADH to an electron acceptor.

2. Glucose Catabolism Respiratory Chain-Oxidative Phosphorylation
“Oxidative Phosphorylation is the electron transport chain that forms ATP as electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers” (L. Stryer, 1988)
- electron acceptor: oxygen (aerobic condition)
- generate ATP, H2O
- from NADH or FADH2
Taking place in mitochondria in eucaryotes
or in cytoplasmic membrane in procaryotes

3. http://www. brookscole

4. Glucose Catabolism Oxidative Phosphorylation
In the process of Oxidative Phosphorylation
In eucaryotes:
NADH + H ATP
FADH ATP
In procaryotes:
NADH + H ≤2 ATP
FADH2 ATP

5. Glucose Aerobic Catabolism Reaction Summary
EMP (glycolysis)
Glucose + 2ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi →2 pyruvate + 2 ATP+ 2 (NADH + H+)
Entry of pyruvate
2pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2CoA-SH →2 acetyl-CoA + 2CO2 + 2(NADH + H+)
TCA cycle
2acetyl-CoA + 6 NAD + 2FAD + 2GDP+ 2Pi + 4H2O → 2CoA + 6(NADH H+) +2FADH2+2GTP (~ATP) + 4CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation
In eucaryotes
EMP: 2 NADH → 2 FADH2 → 4 ATP (glycerol phosphate shuttle)
Entry of pyruvate and TCA: 8 NADH → 24 ATP
TCA: 2FADH2 → 4 ATP
The overall reaction:
Glucose + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36 Pi → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

6. http://www. metabolic-database

7. Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP)
Glucose Catabolism
Glucose
Glycolysis or
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP)
Anaerobic metabolism
Aerobic metabolism
Fermentation: ethanol,
acetic acid, lactate.
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
or (Krebs)
or (Citric acid cycle)
Respiratory chain:
Oxidative phosphorylation

8. Glucose Anaerobic Catabolism
Glycolysis (EMP)

9. Ethanol Production Glycolysis (EMP) Fermentation Pyruvate
Decarboxylase
Fermentation
Alcohol dehydrogenase

10. Hydrocarbon Catabolism
Hydrocarbon: C & H
- Aliaphatic hydrocarbon
e.g. octane, C8H18
polyethylene –HC=CH-
- Aromatic hydrocarbon
naphthalene
Metabolism of hydrocarbon
- Requires oxygen
- Hydrocarbons are converted to acetyl-CoA which is metabolized by TCA cycle.
- Challenges : low solubility in aqueous solution.
available microorganisms are limited
Pseudomonas, Mycobacteria
naphthalene

11. Naphthalene Pathway http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/naph/naph_image_map.html

12. Nitrogen Compounds Catabolism
Nitrogen compounds can be used for C, N and energy sources
Proteins → peptides → amino acids → converted other amino acids or organic acids and ammonia by deamination.
- organic acids: acetyl-CoA into TCA cycle, lipids
- amino acids: proteins, other amino acids or enter TCA cycle
- ammonium: amino acid, protein, nucleic acids
Nucleic acids → ribose/deoxyribose, phosphoric acid and purine/pyrimidine
- sugar: glycolysis and TCA
- Phosphoric acid: ATP, lipids, nucleic acids
- bases: nucleic acids, urea, acetic acids

13. Photosynthesis
Glycolysis and TCA

14. Overview of Biosynthesis
Pentose-phosphate pathway (hexo-monophosphate pathway (HMP):
convert glucose-6-phosphate into carbon skeletons of C3 ~ C7 .
Polysaccharides: glycan, glycogen
gluconeogenesis
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNAs, RNAs)

15. 2 1 5 3 4 6

17. Summary of Metabolism Pathways
- catabolism: ATP, C skeleton for further biosynthesis
- anabolism: biosynthesis requiring energy
Bioenergetics:
- energy storage and carrier ATP
- Reducing power carriers: NADH, NADPH, FADH2
Glucose catabolism:

18. Summary of Metabolism Pathways
Glucose catabolism:
Glucose
Anaerobic metabolism
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
or (Krebs)
or (Citric acid cycle)
Respiratory chain:
Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis or
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP)
Fermentation: ethanol,
acetic acid, lactate.
Aerobic metabolism

19. Summary of Metabolism Pathways
- Under aerobic condition, one molecule of Glucose catabolism generates:
in Glycolysis, 2 ATP, 2 NADH and pyruvate
in TCA cycle, 6 (NADH+H+), 2FADH2, 2GTP, and 4CO2
in oxidative phosphorylation:
NADH, FADH2, O2→ ATP, H2O

20. Summary of Metabolism Pathways
- Under anaerobic condition, Glucose catabolism includes Glycolysis and fermentation:
Products: ethanol, lactic acid, ATP, etc.
Nitrogen compound catabolism
Hydrocarbon catabolism
Photosynthesis
Biosynthesis