1. Ch. 8.1 & 9 ATP, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

2. I. Living things need energy…
Moving muscles
B. Building essential molecules
C. Transporting substances across cell membranes.

3. II. Where do we get energy?
Food
1. to grow
2. to reproduce.

4. III. Sources of Energy A. Autotrophs (plants) B. Heterotrophs
1. can make own food
2. by process of photosynthesis
3. also called Producers
B. Heterotrophs
1. get food from others
2. called consumers

5. Plants and animals need each other to survive.

6. IV. Chemical Energy Stored in chemical bonds of compounds.
B. Compounds that store energy: ATP, NADH and FADH2.
Building Bonds = stores energy
Breaking Bonds = releases energy

7. So what does ATP stand for?
Many Uses
1. Mechanical functions of cells
2. Carry out Active transport
3. Breakdown large molecules
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate

8. The Three Components of ATP
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
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9. How does ATP store energy?
1. Energy is stored in ATP’s
high-energy phosphate bonds.
Energy is released when the high energy phosphate bond between the 2nd and 3rd “P” is broken.
Ribose
Adenine P

10. How does ATP store energy?
2. When a free phosphate group is attached onto ADP, energy is stored in this bond to create ATP.
Energy +
ATP
ADP + P +
Energy

11. ADP P ATP Using ATP Energy Energy Released
For the cell to release and use the energy in ATP, the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups must break; leaving ADP and a free phosphate group.
Energy Released
Adenine
Ribose P P P
ADP P
ATP

12. ATP /ADP Cycle Energy Stored Energy Energy Released Energy
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second!!!
Energy
Energy Stored
ATP
ATP
ATP /ADP Cycle
Bonds Formed to make ATP
Energy Released
ADP P P P
ADP
Energy
Released to do work
ADP
ADP
Bonds Broken

13. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

14. What is photosynthesis?
A chemical reaction in which plants take the light energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy to make their own food.

15. Plants cells contain organelles called CHLOROPLASTS
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll (green color) which makes photosynthesis possible.
Carbon Dioxide enters the leaves through the stomata (openings) and combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts to make glucose.
Glucose is moved through the phloem to the rest of the plant.

16. Glucose is used as a food source for the plants to carry out life processes.
Unused glucose is stored as a starch or becomes part of the plant’s tissue.

17. Chemical Equation-Photosynthesis
Reactants Products
6 CO2+ 6 H2O + sunlight O2 + C6H12O6
Carbon dioxide +water +sunlight (yields) oxygen + glucose
How does this relate to Cellular Respiration?

18. Once plants change the energy from the sunlight into chemical energy during photosynthesis, organisms then have to change that chemical energy into a form that is usable by the organism’s cells during a process called Cellular Respiration.

19. What is cellular respiration?
The release of chemical energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules for use by the cells.

20. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Reactants Products
C6H12O6 + 6O > 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
(glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy) -
2 forms: Aerobic (with O2 - oxygen) Anaerobic (without O2- oxygen)
Reaction is opposite of Photosynthesis

22. AEROBIC RESPIRATION takes place in the presence of oxygen: (3 steps)
Glycolysis- occurs in the cytoplasm producing 2 ATPs and 2 pyruvates.

23. Krebs Cycle- takes place in the mitochondria.
uses the 2 pyruvates from glycolysis
and releases 2 ATPs, 6CO2 and many NADH & FADH2

24. Electron Transport- takes place in the mitochondria.
Uses the NADH & FADH2 from Krebs and produces 32 ATPs and 6H2O

25. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (no oxygen present)
Glycolysis- produces 2 ATP’s and 2 pyruvates
Alcoholic Fermentation in yeast OR
Lactic Acid Fermentation in muscles