2. Cellular Respiration Cauthers 2007

3. Energy What are some types of energy we use everyday? Living things require chemical energy stored within their food to function.

4. Cellular Respiration Cells break down food into energy *some as heat *some as chemical energy Occurs in multiple steps called a biochemical pathway Each step is regulated by enzymes and involves the transfer of electrons

5. Energy Energy derived from food is not given off in a great burst…how come? Our cells would die!!! Small packets of energy are stored in high energy bonds of ATP

6. Bond, Phosphate Bond ATP = adenosine triphosphate -stores chemical energy ATP is made of: 1) 1 Adenine 2) 1 Ribose 3) 3 Phosphates

7. Let’s look at ATP!!!

8. Phosphorylation: ATP transfers a phosphate group (releases energy) it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) ADP

9. Phosphorylation ADP structure

10. ATP doesn’t grow on trees does it? The main source of energy is GLUCOSE!!!

11. Energy transfer… Electrons carry energy Energy is transferred to carriers If an atom is oxidized, it loses energy If an atom is reduced, it gains energy

12. Electron Carriers… Two types in cellular respiration: NAD + and FAD Each of these can accept a pair of electrons and H atoms…

13. Respiration Types Aerobic respiration requires O 2 Anaerobic resp. does not require O 2 Aerobic resp. produces much more energy

14. Who does what? Only the unicellular organisms (bacteria mostly) rely solely on anaerobic resp. Everything else can do both anaerobic and aerobic resp.

15. Glycolysis *First step of all respiration *Takes place in the cytoplasm *Does not require oxygen *Glycolysis= splitting of glucose Lysis - to split Glyco- refers to glucose *Requires energy from ATP

16. Glycolysis 2 ATP molecules split glucose 4 ATP molecules are created when pyruvic acid is formed. How much net ATP is made through glycolysis? 2 NET ATP

17. Glycolysis Graphic PGAL Pyruvic Acid Glucose 2ATP2ADP PGAL 2ADP 2ATP 2ADP 2ATP

18. Anaerobic Respiration ATP is only made during glycolysis. Therefore how much ATP do anaerobic organisms make? 2ATP

19. Fermentation… *2 types: 1) Lactic acid fermentation 2) Alcoholic fermentation *Any reaction that occurs after glycolysis in an anaerobic organism

20. Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. Any athletes who have felt muscle burn after a strenuous workout are feeling lactic acid buildup.

21. Alcoholic Fermentation Some organisms (yeast) have enzymes that break pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Alcoholic fermentation is important in the process of… breadmaking!!!! (CO 2 makes bread rise)

22. Alcohol again… Alcoholic fermentation also gives rise to alcohol… Glucose SourceBeverage Barley Beer Potato Vodka GrapesWine RiceSake

23. Aerobic Respiration How much ATP was produced from glycolysis in anaerobic respiration? 2 ATP

24. Aerobic respiration continued… In order for pyruvic acid to be broken down, yielding further energy, 2 things are required: 1) Oxygen (O 2 ) 2) Mitochondria

25. Breaking pyruvic acid… *Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion *Broken into a 2 carbon molecule *Forms acetyl CoA *Enters the Krebs Cycle Each molecule of pyruvic acid yields 1 CO 2 and 1 NADH

26. Pyruvic Acid NAD + NADH CO 2 CoA

27. Interesting tidbits… For every turn of the Kreb’s cycle, only 1 ATP is produced!!! CO 2 is given off Where does the rest of the ATP come from?

28. Electron Transport Chain Energy stored in NADH and FADH 2 is released in steps Electrons passed from carrier to carrier, until O 2 accepts the last 2 electrons.

29. Ahhh, big words… As e- pass energy passes Some of that energy is used to convert ADP to ATP (by means of a H + pump)

30. The last step… *O 2 is the final electron acceptor *Combines with 4 H, to form… WATER!!! 2 NET ATP from glycolysis 2 ATP from the Kreb’s 32 from the ETC 36 ATP gained!!!

31. Net Reactions of aerobic: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 H 2 O + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O+ 36 ATP

32. Aerobic Pathway

34. Recap: Why aerobic respiration instead of anaerobic? Aerobic respiration yields 18 times more energy!!! (36:2)

35. What if we don’t have oxygen? Aerobic respiration can’t occur without it. Without oxygen, the Kreb’s cycle will stop, leaving a buildup of pyruvic acid…

36. The fate of pyruvic acid. Without oxygen, what are 2 things that could happen to pyruvic acid? Alcoholic or lactic fermentation! What happens to us? Lactic acid fermentation!

37. Oxygen Debt Anytime your muscles get starved for oxygen, and lactic acid fermentation begins, you experience oxygen debt. Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen your body requires to get rid of lactic acid.

38. Atkins Heaven Glucose is the main source of energy for ATP, but proteins and fats may be used as well. Fat produces twice as much energy as glucose does, but you must be twice as active to burn a gram of fat…

39. Proteins may be used as an energy source as well, though there is much controversy as to whether this is good for the body or not…and it is terribly inefficient. Ramifications? Kidney problems

40. Man vs. Machine Another interesting tidbit: Roughly 45% of the available energy of a glucose molecule is stored as ATP following aerobic respiration. In comparison only 20% of the energy of gasoline is used by cars.