1. Chemiosmosis ADP -> ATP Concentration Gradient (Potential Energy = [H+] Relation to Electron transport chain Figure 6.7

2. Substrate-level Phosphorylation Phosphate group transferred to ADP from substrate (FORM ATP!!!) ATP production, but is small % in cell.

3. Systematic oxidation of organic compounds to release energy May be anaerobic, i.e. in the absence of oxygen, or… Aerobic, requiring oxygen. Cellular Respiration

4. Oxidation is the loss of electrons Reduction is gain of electrons.. Oxidation and reduction always happen together… Remember electronegativity (ability to “grab” electrons: O > N > C > H) Redox Review

5. Methane is a saturated hydrocarbon. When burned it is oxidized and energy is given off. The overall equation is: Oxidation of Methane

6. Oxidation States of the central carbon atom...

7. Energy contained in the molecule….

8. Glucose Oxidation Glucose (Other organic molecules) broken down / rearranged to gain energy from within bonds. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP (ENERGY)

9. Energy Use within the Cell Cellular respiration “dismantles” glucose in a series of steps. Energy from organic molecules (I.e. glucose) is harvested from the chemical bonds within the molecule. Electrons are “shuttled” through a series of energy-releasing reactions.

10. Glucose loses H+ (Conversion to CO2) Oxygen gains H+ (Conversion to Water) H+ movements represent electron transfers.

11. Key Players in Redox Rxns Dehygrogenase = enzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) = coenzyme Both remove H atoms (& electrons) - - function as oxidizing agents.

12. The total oxidation of glucose will yield the same products as the total oxidation of methane... Oxidation of Glucose

13. Mitochondrion Graphic downloaded from - http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/mitoch1.htm Outer membraneMatrixCristae Not visible: 1) Inner membrane, 2) Intermembrane space

14. ABOVE: Anaerobic respiration (in this case, alcoholic fermentation) BELOW: Aerobic respiration. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic 38 ATPs 2 ATPs

15. Locations of Cellular Respiration Processes

16. ATP Phosphorylation NAD Reduction ATP is a nucleotide NAD is a dinucleotide Both are formed in the process of aerobic respiration Eventually all usable energy must be stored in ATP

17. ATP - Phosphorylation

18. ATP - readily available chemical energy Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide - stores energy, but not readily available energy ATP - NAD

19. NAD gains energy when reduced Electrons are always accompanied by hydrogens... NAD - redox

20. Aerobic Respiration - Overview

21. GLYCOLYSIS (Exergonic) All living things follow the same steps in the initial breakdown of glucose (C 6 ) to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) (C 3 ). Some stop there, realizing 2 ATP in energy, others proceed further and realize as much as 38 ATP.

22. Respiration FlowChart 6O 2 Glycolysis C 6 ----> C 3 C 6 H 12 O 6 Electron Transfer System Krebs (C.A.) Cycle C 2 ----> C Oxid. of Pyruvate C 3 ----> C 2 ATPCO 2 NADH H 2 O FADH

23. OXIDATION of PYRUVATE In the process of glycolysis, one molecule of glucose produces two molecules of pyruvate. All living things perform glycolysis. Some anaerobically convert pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, and others convert it to lactate.

24. The Aerobic Pathway Production of NADH Product is more oxidized than pyruvate

25. The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

26. Entry of Acetyl CoA into Cycle

27. Citrate to Isocitrate

28. Isocitrate to Ketoglutarate

29. Ketoglutarate to Succinate

30. Succinate to Fumarate

31. Fumarate to Malate

32. Malate back to Oxaloacetate

33. Respiration Flow Chart

34. Electron Transport Chain

35. Reduction of NAD + to NADH + H + NAD is a molecule that can be reduced by electrons that have been oxidized away from the carbon substrates… NADH, in turn, can be oxidized and some other molecule reduced with its electrons...

36. Reduction of the next electron acceptor, FMN NADH yields its electrons and Hydrogen ions to FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide) FMNH then can be oxidized and pass the electrons on to the next acceptor...

37. Electron Transport Chain as the electrons are passed on energy is lowered… enough energy is transformed to make three ATPs for each reduced NADH… the final electron acceptor is oxygen

38. What about FADH 2 ? FADH2 has less energy than NADH it passes its electrons directly to Coenzyme Q, skipping one ATP step...

39. ATP Arithmetic This chart is on page 9-2 of the A.P. Bio Study Guide

40. Chemiosmosis

41. The Mitochondrion Smooth outer membrane Folded inner membrane Inner folds are called cristae. Carrier molecules embedded in cristae. OUTER MEMBRANE INNER` MEMBRANE CRISTA INTER- MEMBRANOUS SPACEMATRIX

42. Active Transport Electrons (and hydrogens) build up in matrix

43. Active Transport As electrons are transported, H’s are pumped into IMS.

44. Eventually a high chemiosmotic gradient of protons develops.

45. The only way for H + to return is through ATP synthetase.

46. ATP Synthetase As H + ’s move through ATP synthetase, ATP is formed in the matrix. ATPADP