1.  Pencil  Science Journal  If you need to take the quiz, see me.  http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/ animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_2_.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/ animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_2_.html

2.  Name the chief currency of the cells energy and where in the cell it is made.

3.  Chief energy currency of the cell is ATP.  It is made in the mitochondria of the cell.

4.  Food  Energy  ATP  Mitochondria  Membrane bound organelles  Permeability  Investing and harvesting ATP http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anim ations/content/cellularrespiration.html

5. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 6.6 An Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration: Harvesting of energy from breakdown of organic molecules produced by plants The overall process may be summarized as 6 CO 2 carbon dioxide (heat or ATP) + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose + 6 O 2 oxygen + 6 H 2 O water Cellular respiration is carried out in two stages: 1. Glycolysis 2. Oxidation Occurs in the cytoplasm Occurs in the mitochondria

6. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.16 An overview of aerobic respiration Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

7. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 6.7 Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP Glycolysis is the first stage in cellular respiration Takes place in the cytoplasm Occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen Involves ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions These convert the 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate

8. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.19 Pyruvate is oxidized Pyruvate is reduced Occurs in animal muscle cells Occurs in yeast cells

9. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.17 How glycolysis works 1 6-carbon glucose (Starting material) 6-carbon sugar diphosphate PP 2ATP Priming reactions 2 6-carbon sugar diphosphate PP 3-carbon sugar phosphate P 3-carbon sugar phosphate P Cleavage reactions 3 3-carbon pyruvate 3-carbon pyruvate NADH ATP2 3-carbon sugar phosphate P 3-carbon sugar phosphate P NADH ATP2 Energy-harvesting reactions

10. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.18 Glycolysis

11. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.18 Glycolysis This coupled reaction is called substrate-level phosphorylation

12. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 6.8 Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds The oxidative stage of aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria It begins with the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl coA Depending on needs Fig. 6.20

13. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 6.8 Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds Substrate is oxidized NAD + is reduced Fig. 6.21 How NAD + works

14. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Takes place in the mitochondria It consists of nine enzyme-catalyzed reactions that can be divided into three stages Stage 1 Acetyl coA binds a four-carbon molecule producing a six-carbon molecule Stage 2 Two carbons are removed as CO 2 Stage 3 The four-carbon starting material is regenerated The Krebs Cycle

15. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.22 How the Krebs cycle works 1 CoA– (Acetyl-CoA) 4-carbon molecule (Starting material) 6-carbon molecule 2 6-carbon molecule 4-carbon molecule 5-carbon molecule NADH CO 2 ATP CO 2 3 NADH FADH 2 4-carbon molecule (Starting material) 4-carbon molecule

16. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.23 The Krebs cycle

17. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

18. Glucose is entirely consumed in the process of cellular respiration It is converted to six molecules of CO 2 Its energy is preserved in Four ATP molecules Ten NADH electron carriers Two FADH 2 electron carriers Fate of Glucose

19. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The NADH and FADH 2 carry their high-energy electrons to the inner mitochondrial membrane There they transfer them to a series of membrane- associated carriers – the electron transport chain Three of these carriers are protein complexes that pump protons out of the matrix The electrons are finally donated to oxygen to form water 6.9 Using the Electrons to Make ATP

20. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.24 The electron transport chain Intermembrane space Mitochondrial matrix Inner mitochondrial membrane Protein complex I Protein complex II Protein complex III FADH 2 NADH H+H+ H+H+ e–e– + H+H+ H+H+ NAD + e–e– H2OH2O 2H + + ½ O 2 NADH activates all three pumps FADH 2 activates only two pumps

21. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The proton pumps lead to an increase in proton concentration in the intermembrane space The proton gradient induces the protons to reenter the matrix through ATP synthase channels The proton reentry drives the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis Fig. 6.25

22. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Mitochondrial matrix Intermembrane space Pyruvate from cytoplasm NADH Acetyl-CoA FADH 2 NADH Krebs cycle ATP 2 CO 2 e–e– e–e– 1. Electrons are harvested and carried to the transport system. e–e– 2. Electrons provide energy to pump protons across the membrane. H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ O2O2 O2O2 1212 H2OH2O 3. Oxygen joins with protons to form water. + 2H + H+H+ ATP32 4. Protons diffuse back in, driving the synthesis of ATP. ATP synthase Fig. 6.26 An overview of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

23. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Food sources, other than sugars, can be used in cellular respiration These complex molecules are first digested into simpler subunits These subunits are modified into intermediates These intermediates enter cellular respiration at different steps Other Sources of Energy

24. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Fig. 6.27 How cells obtain energy from foods

25. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The use of inorganic terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen Anaerobic Respiration OrganismTEAReduced Product Methanogens Sulfur bacteria CO 2 Archaea CH 4 Methane SO 4 Sulfate H2SH2S Hydrogen sulfide

26. Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The use of organic terminal electron acceptors The electrons carried by NADH are donated to a derivative of pyruvate This allows the regeneration of NAD + that keeps glycolysis running Two types of fermentation are common among eukaryotes Lactic fermentation Ethanolic fermentation Fermentation